Twilight Scale

Lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo sikaRegis Wellausen eshicilelwe ku MundoGEO Magazine, okusikhumbuza ukungapheli kwalezo zitatimende ze-Catastro2014 ezikhulunywe yi-FIG eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, ikakhulukazi ngokuphathelene nokufaniswa njengendlela yokudweba imidwebo yemidwebo yendabuko.

Ukuphakanyiswa kwesinqumo sokufaka esikhundleni sokufaka esikhundleni sepharadini eliguga.

Umqondo wesilinganiso - ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwesilinganiso kuhlelo kanye nobukhulu bayo beqiniso ensimini - Kuyingxenye ye-DNA yomuntu selokhu ukuzulazula okukhulu kwaholela ekulinganisweni kwamamephu kusuka ku-1.500. Ngokuya ngemveloiphutha lemifanekiso", Izindinganiso zobuchwepheshe zokukhiqiza kwazo zichaza, ngesilinganiso ngasinye, iphutha lokusabalala okumelwe sicabangele phakathi kwesitshalo nomhlaba, ekwenzeni izinqumo zansuku zonke ngesikhathi ukusetshenziswa kwale mibhalo.
E-Brazil, Register Ukunemba Cartográfica (PEC), okuyinto manje popularization elula sekwedlule Isinqumo 89.817 / 1984 ngqo aerophotogrammetry analog usungula ezintathu izinhlobo izinga, a eshibhile, ngokuthi Class C (okuyinto sinaso sonke isikhathi), iphutha lokusala lingamamitha angu-1,0 wesilinganiso. Ngokufanayo, lapho 'elinganisiwe "izitshalo, i-DNA yethu igcina ukuthi iphutha inkumbulo futhi intuitively organic Vector processor ukubeka zonke izibalo ohlangothini iphutha emkhakheni. Ngokwesibonelo, uma thina ngomucu isikali ingxenye okokufaka amamitha ayizinkulungwane sesitholakele esimileni 1: 10.000, kumelwe uqaphele ukuthi ensimini phakathi 990 futhi 1.010 bangathola amamitha.

Isikali ku-1864: imininingwane yesitshalo sokuhlukanisa isakhiwo eMbusweni waseBrazil.

I-Digital Scale ku-Digital World

Iqiniso eliyinhloko ukuthi asikwenzi lo mkhankaso emabalazweni wephepha le-static futhi asikhathazeki ngokulinganisa okuphelele kwemikhiqizo yokugcina ephepheni, ngakho-ke akekho omunye ozolinganisa ngezilinganiso kubo. Okubalulekile nje kuphela ikhwalithi abonisa ngayo kanye / noma idokhumenti yimiqondo nemibono yethu. Ukukhwabanisa kolwazi lwendawo kanye nemikhiqizo yokugcina esebenzayo kakade futhi kuzoba yidijithali engafaneleki. Kulesi sigaba, lonke ulwazi - okuyinto ngempela georeferenced ohlelweni Cartesian ukuxhumanisa - njalo kohlaziyo, okusinika ithuba ngokukhululekile ziyahlukahluka esikalini zoom kanye nokukhetha absolutism zezibalo kwanoma iyiphi isici zezinombolo osnap uzibuthe noma umyalo okulingana - into eyayingenziwa neze iminyaka 500!. Ngakho-ke, akukho phutha yansukuzonke ku ukunemba kwethu ezibukwayo noma ukuzinza design, eziyisisekelo zokubala emkhakheni we iphutha ingcaca, noma lapho sifunda noma lapho siklama. Okuwukuphela erro esicashile kufanele sikhathalele nge iyona yansukuzonke indlela elikhiqizayo lwazi kwendawo esetshenziswa, ke Vector (CAD, GIS) noma i-matrix (Google) kuyinto, kulapho lawa akuwona nezindaba ezihambelana i- "Iphutha ingcaca".

Isixazululo sendawo

Igama elithi isinqumo positional uvezwa esuka kwezinye "izinqumo" ezinikele izithombe zesathelayithi, ezifana weJiyomethri, radiometric, yesikhashana, njll, okwakubekelwa zenzeka esikhathini 90 ekuseni ukuze aqinisekise kithi lokunemba cartographic amabutho ethathelwe I-videographie yedijithali - umkhiqizo ohamba phambili kwezithombe eziphezulu zokusombulula.
isinqumo positional kuchazwa lapha njengoba ukunemba georeferencing yesithombe, okungukuthi, umehluko isikhundla (izixhumanisi) wanoma iyiphi yedijithali amandla mayelana nesimo yayo kweqiniso phansi noma, ngaphezulu nangokuzimisela ukukhuluma, ngesikhathi Cisha -phaphamtjhini yokungafani phakathi kwamaphuzu wokusekela asetshenzisiwe, esithombeni noma endaweni. Ukulungiswa kwesikhashana kusetshenziswe ngokulula okufanayo ukufaneleka ulwazi lwe-vector. Lapho kwenziwa ucwaningo lwembulunga yedijithali, isibonelo, lesinqumo positional komkhiqizo sokugcina kuyoba emgomeni ngokwehluka phakathi izixhumanisi izakhi, funda ku (CAD, isibonelo) isofthiwe futhi kamuva kulinganiswa emkhakheni (GPS, isibonelo ). Uma unesithakazelo for umklami kanye ngokuqiniseka ukuthi akukho lutho kaMasipala oluzayo kakhulu 1 izindlela esizayo, lapho itholakala khona, okungukuthi lesinqumo positional kumele icacise thatha inhlolovo. Lokho, kuyobe kukhululekile ukukhetha indlela yokwenziwa ngokusho kobuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe, okunye kuzohlale kuphethwe noma kube yibo kuphela obhekene nekhwalithi ecacisiwe.
Njengoba sekuphothuliwe, ukulungiswa kwesimo kungasetshenziswa njengendlela yepharamitha ephephile yezinga lemidwebo yolwazi lwendawo endaweni yemidiya yedijithali, okuyisisekelo sokwenza isinqumo semingcele noma iziphakamiso zezicelo zayo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ekubeni ipharamitha ephindaphindiwe yendlela yokukhiqiza, ukulungiswa kwesikhashana kungumphumela kumkhiqizo futhi kuncike emithwalweni yobuchwepheshe bomphathi wayo.
Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukubhaliswa kwe-Annotation Technical Responsibilities (ART) futhi kuqinisekiswe ekushintsheni kwayo nasekusetshenzisweni kwabangaphandle. Nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ukulungiswa kwesimo sokubambisana kungaqinisekiswa ngokulinganisa isampula yesimo samafomu akhethiwe kahle noma izakhi ezisensimini. Ngesikhathi sesivele sinalo izinzwa ezihlukahlukene, esikhiqiza commercial high-resolution izithombe kanye eziphansi, zonke izinketho orthorectified ngu Shuttle Radar Ukuma Mission (SRTM) noma Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission Nokuzindla Radiometer / Global Digital Elevation Model (Aster / Gdem ) georreferenciarlas ezanele ngokwanele ukuba uguqule wabayisa okunokwethenjelwa yolwazi cartographic amasu, uyakwazi esikhundleni noma ukwelekelela ezibizayo futhi kancane trabajaos ensimini, kubalulekile imisebenzi namaphrojekthi zobunjiniyela.

Aplicaciones

Isibonelo sokubaluleka kwayo nesicelo singabonwa kulo mfanekiso. It kuboniswa, icala georeferencing kwempahla yasemakhaya (10.267 / 01 umthetho), umehluko izinyathelo vertex uhlela "P", sitholwe okusheshayo indlela static (GPS L1 / L2), ishiywa, futhi izinyathelo ngokuqondile esithombeni sokulungiswa okuphezulu, kwesokudla. I WolrdView2 satellite isithombe 2010, waba georeferenced nge ngenxa positional isinqumo 1,5 amamitha, noma izibalo yakhe angeke kuhluke okungaphezu imitha nengxenye isikhundla langempela, okuyinto umkhawulo wamukela njengamanje Kwangene ekubuyiseleni amaphuzu. Njengoba kuphawuliwe, zonke izilinganiso zingaphansi kokuchithwa okuqondile. Ukuzijwayeza nesinqumo positional 1,5 2,5 namamitha, ngokulandelana, ivumela ukusabalala isicelo okuphephile inzwa akude ukunciphisa izindleko kanye nesikhathi ekunqumeni izixhumanisi vertices hhayi monumentados futhi imingcele yemvelo ebonakalayo kusuka ngenhla. georeferencing Professional izithombe ezahlukene kanye nokulungiswa okufanayo positional wezibalo Ukudidiyela ukufundwa phakathi komkhawulo efanayo futhi, ngakho-ke, uchwepheshe wesibili kalula hlola izixhumanisi ngowokuqala. Umnikazi uyanqoba, okhokhela intengo ephansi, i-winning professional, enezindleko eziphansi ngenzuzo efanayo; futhi izwe lizuza, okunciphisa isikhathi kanye nokuthuthukiswa nesitifiketi sezigidi zezinto.

I-Georeferencing yezindawo zasemaphandleni: ama-vertic "P" eduze komnyango, kulinganiswa ne-GPS L1 / L2 (ngokuqondile) futhi ngqo kwi-WorldView 2 image (ngqo). Isithombe sinezinqumo ze-geometri yamamitha angu-0,5 (gcina izinkabi ngokuqondile) futhi i-georeferenced ukuthola ukulungiswa kwesimo samamitha angu-1,5.

Ukungafani okuphelele (amamitha)
I-BVC P 0658 - P3 = 0,91
I-BVP P 0657 - P2 = 0,43
I-BVC P 0656 - P1 = 0,55

Ngokuqondene nomhlaba, akunakugwemeka ukuthi uyaphela ukuba abe yi-protagonist yezincazelo zekhwalithi yemikhiqizo ye-digital cartographic futhi iba ngumxhumanisi wokugcina. Kufana ne-Google Earth, lapho itholakala khona ngezansi, iqondisa, uma "Phakamisa", kubaluleke ngani? Sifuna ukwazi, empeleni, njalo uma sithatha ifomu, sikala ingxenye noma sithole ukuhlela, futhi yikuphi ukulungiswa kwesimo semifanekiso yakho, ukwazi ukuthi yini esingayenza ngolwazi olukhishiwe. Okwamanje, umqondo wakho kanye nesithenjwa sakho ngokuqinisekile kuzohlala emaceleni kwengqondo nemibhalo yethu. Inkokhelo ehloniphekile kumthombo oyinhloko weminyaka ye-500, ukuthi phakathi kokufaneleka okuningi okulethwe kubokhokho bethu futhi wasisiza ekwakheni izwe elingcono esilithokozela manje.