Ukuphathwa komhlaba kuzobukeka kanjani ngokuzayo? - umbono weCadastre 2034

Ukuphakamisa ukuthi ukuphathwa komhlaba kungabukeka kanjani ngo-2034 akubonakali kuwumqondo olula, uma sibona ukuthi zingaki izinguquko ezenzekile eminyakeni engama-20 edlule. Kodwa-ke, ukuvivinya umzimba kungumzamo wesibili walokho okwenziwa eminyakeni engama-20 ngaphambi kweCadastre 2014. Ukunaka kancane kulezi zitatimende kungahle kulahle othile, isikhungo noma isizwe sonke.

Ukucabanga ukuthi ngo-2034 i-cadastre izolungiswa futhi ivuselelwe yizakhamizi ngokuzithandela kuzwakala kungcolile. Kepha yilokho ukubuyekezwa kwe-cartography kuzwakala ngathi ngaphambi kokuthi sazi i-OpenStreet Map, okubeka imibuzo ukuthi ngabe isikhungo se-cartographic kufanele sibe khona noma uma sisebenzisa lo mthombo ukukhuthaza ukubalulwa kokubambisana phakathi kwabafundi futhi sizinikezela kuphela ezenzweni ezijwayelekile, futhi Ukuvuselelwa kokufakwa okuyisisekelo okungenakugwenywa okufana nemodeli yendawo ehambisanayo nezithombe zesathelayithi ezivuselelwa njalo.

Imibono yeCadastre esikhathini esizayo se-20 iminyaka

Izinguquko zomqondo eCadastre zivame ukuba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuqinile kunokudweba imidwebo yezinye izikali. Ukuxhumana kwayo nezici zomthetho, ezezimali kanye nezomnotho kudala ukuthembana hhayi ngemininingwane kuphela kepha nezinqubo. Kodwa-ke, njengoba nje I-cartography ingase ife ngesikhathi sayo esihle senkazimuloNjengoba ubuchwepheshe benziwa ngentando yeningi futhi kudalwa imininingwane yesikhathi sangempela, ubulukhuni bokunemba, ukusayinwa kwengcweti nokuhamba kwendlela kubeka engcupheni yokungafinyeleli kuzidingo zesidingo esingaphenduki. Njengesibonelo, ake sibukeze ukuthi mangaki ama-encyclopedia esisanda kuwathengela izingane zethu azisebenzisela ukwenza imisebenzi yazo yansuku zonke; o bangaki abafundi abahlala emtatsheni wezincwadi wesikole ukuze baqede izabelo zabo; Ngaphandle kwemibuzo yezifundo i-wikipedia enayo, ukusetshenziswa kwayo, ukubuyekeza ngokubambisana nokuhambisana nenjini yokusesha yakwaGoogle, ithumela imitapo yolwazi yonke eminyuziyamu.

Okunye okufanele kubhekwe odabeni lwe-cadastre iqiniso lokuthi izimo zomongo phakathi kwamazwe azilingani ngokubaluleka. Kumazwe aseYurophu asevele enendawo efinyelela ku-100% yezakhiwo zawo ezingeni likazwelonke kanye nomsebenzi omisiwe womsebenzi womphakathi, ukumodeliswa ngezilinganiso ezintathu nezine kuyaphuthuma. Isimo esiphambene ngokuphelele emazweni lapho ukumbozwa kwe-2D kungaphelele, ukucabanga okuphelele kuphelelwe yisikhathi futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke lapho izinguquko zezepolitiki ziholela ekuxoshweni kwethimba lonke le ochwepheshe onolwazi, ongalahlekelwa ubuchwepheshe babo ngokuthatha imininingwane ngokushayela kanzima futhi -lokho akusizi ukuthi sihleke-ukuba abahlanganyeli bomlilo wehhovisi lemeya okuthi phakathi kwezinye izinhloso lifune ukususa umkhondo wenkohlakalo.

Umbono we-cadastre weminyaka engama-20 ngokuzayo awuzenzi ukubheja osuselwa ku-cabal noma usondela kokukhona. Esikhundleni salokho, ukuvivinya umzimba okususelwa kumqondo ovamile wemikhuba emihle esivele isetshenziswa kanye nokuthambekela kwayo ochwepheshe abathola imizila engalungiseki. Kepha akumele sikhiphe umthetho wokuthi izitayela ezihlongozwayo zingaholela ekwamukelweni kwezinqamuleli; njengoba kwenzeka ezimweni eziningi e-Afrika lapho izakhamizi zisuka ekungazazini izingcingo ezinentambo zaya ocingweni lweselula olulandelayo. Yingakho amamodeli afana neCadastre kufanelekile-ngenhloso bayafakwa ezingxoxweni zokuvangela okuphazamisayo ngalolu daba; ngesidingo esikhona sezigidi zezakhiwo okufanele zibe nesihloko kanye nokwamukelwa kwesakhamuzi entabeni esikhetha isihloko esinesilinganiso "kunembile noma kunembile” kodwa lapho kukhona imingcele ehleliwe nomakhelwane bayo; esikhundleni sokungabi nalutho futhi ulinde omunye usopolitiki ukuthi aphinde anikeze into ezwakalayo futhi.

Isitatimende seminyaka ye-20 ezandleni zendoda ebonakalayo - engabonisa ukuqonda Isistimu Kazwelonke Yokuphathwa Kwempahla, ivulelekile ekubonisaneni nomphakathi, ngemibono yamalungelo, imikhawulo nezibopho ngaphambi kokuba lokhu kuthathwe njengezinga; -Lokho kuhlanya- ngamakhono okulawula wokulawula nobushiqela obuthile buyakwazi ukusula izindlela ezijwayelekile uma zingaqinisekisi ukusebenza kahle ngesikhathi, izindleko, ukulandeleka kanye nokwenza izinto obala. Ngesikhathi abasekeli bezindlela ezijwayelekile benethuba lokuphendula, kuzobe sekuguqula isikhangiso esisemthethweni (isitifiketi sesiko nenkululeko) saba yi-akhawunti yokubheka impahla yangempela njengokufinyelela manje okunikezwa ngamabhange, futhi kuzobe kucabanga ukuphuma endleleni. abalamuli bokwenziwe ngewindi le-Ali-express lokulandeleka ngesikhathi sangempela.

Kodwa Hey, kuyilapho crazy ukukhomba labo ezweni lakini, ngibuye lokho obekushiwo esigabeni sokuqala kubhalwa lesi sihloko, ukuthi izitatimende Cadastral 2034 kuyinto ngonyaka sasiyingxenye Cadastral 2014, okuyinto ufuna uqale ukukhuluma yesibili.

Ngaphambi kweCadastre 2014

I-Cadastre iyingqayizivele, uma kuqhathaniswa neRejista yePropati, esekelwe kumakhodi ahlanganisiwe amakhulu eminyaka ngesisekelo sezimiso zokubhalisa ezidlulisa umthetho wangempela, ohambayo, wezohwebo noma wezobuhlakani. Ukubambisana kwezinhloso zeCadastral kwafika sekwephuzile ngezinguquko zama-paradigms okwenziwe ngokomqondo ngokusho komhlaba womuntu: ukunqoba, izimpi, ukubamba iqhaza, ukukhiqizwa kwezebhizinisi, ikhomishini; Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagagasi okuziphendukela kwemvelo amamodeli ezomnotho aletha amasu okuphathwa kolwazi kanye nokuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusebenza ngaphakathi kwesimo esasiza kithi njengezicucu ze-puzzle.

I-infographic ifingqa ama-paradigms amakhulu amaCadastre aye nawo, ngezikhathi ezahlukene:

• I-Paradigm yokuhlolwa kanye nentela emhlabeni, okubaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni njengengcebo etholwe ku-feudalism. Akumangazi ukuthi le ndlela ihlale isikhathi eside kangaka eLatin America, uma kubhekwa ukuthi nangemva kokuzimela kwala mazwe avela eSpain, imodeli yezomnotho yaqhubeka nokuguquguquka kobukhosi obabuswa ngamakoloni. Ku-infographic lesi isiqeshana sokuqala sephazili, i-cadastre yezimali njengesicelo esiyisisekelo.
• I-Paradigm yemakethe yomhlaba, ngokuvela kwenduduzo njengokusho komhlaba. Lokhu kuza nokuguquka kwezimboni phakathi kuka-1800 no-1950. Izisekelo eziningi zakudala zomhlaba ziyaqhubeka nokuncika kuleyonkambiso yemakethe yomhlaba, yingakho ingxenye eyayinikezwe ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyi-cadastre esemthethweni njengesicelo esihambisanayo nesici sezimali.
• I-Paradigm yokuphatha umhlaba, ngombono womhlaba njengesisetshenziswa. Lokhu kwenzeke nemibono emisha yokwakhiwa kabusha kwangemva kwempi, lapho nje izikhungo eziningi zomphakathi zinokuvuselelwa okuthakazelisayo, kufaka phakathi iCadastre neRegistry. Le kwakuyiminyaka ebalulekile kwiRegistry esekwe eNcwadini, idlulela kwabezindaba ezinjenge microfilming, futhi esimweni seCadastre, ithonya lezinsizakusebenza zomhlaba wonke lasekela ukwenziwa kwamasu we-cadastral ngesimanje, ikakhulukazi ngezintshisekelo zokuphepha kuzwelonke ezihambisana nempi ebandayo. Njengomphumela, isiqeshana se-cadastre sezomnotho sithuthukisa izindlela zokuhlola ezisukela kumamodeli enziwe lula ezimweni ze-Anglo-Saxon ziye kumamodeli anzima ngokususelwa kuzindleko zokushintshwa namakhefu okwehla baqhubeka kuze kube yizinsuku emazweni amaningi aseLatin America.
• I-Paradigm yentuthuko eqhubekayo, nomhlaba njengesisetshenziswa esivamile esilinganiselwe. Lokhu kuzalwe ngenguquko yolwazi, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-80s, lapho amathuba amathuluzi edijithali angafaka esikhundleni semephu nefayela ledijithali, kucatshangelwa ukubonisana nokuxhumana namanye amaqembu anentshisekelo kulwazi lwe-cadastral. Ngendlela efanayo, intshisekelo yokuhlanganiswa phakathi kweCadastre neRegistry ngale kokubambisana nokushintshaniswa kwedatha, ukwenza lula isakhamuzi ngokuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo.  Lokhu kwakamuva kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhlanekezelwa kwadingeka ukuthi uqoqe yonke into ngosayizi weshidi amakhadi "Borges” ngisho nemibono yokubeka ikhebula phakathi kweCadastre neRegistry ukuze ixhumeke. Ukuqonda ukuthi izinhloso eziningi zikubuqotho bochungechunge lwenani lokuphathwa komhlaba hhayi esigabeni sokuthwebula kube buhlungu kuze kube namuhla; kulimaza isakhamuzi esilindele izinsiza ezingcono.

IRejista yezwe 2014

Kulesi simo sokugcina, kwazalwa uCadastre 2014. Maphakathi neminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye i-International Federation of Geometricians (FIG) yenze enye yokubheja kwayo okuhle kakhulu ukuvuselela indima yayo, isekela uhlelo olubheka ukuthi iCadastre kufanele ibe kanjani eminyakeni engama-20 ezayo. Lokhu kusiholela ekutheni sicabangele imikhuba nezitayela ezihamba phambili ezazisetshenziswa emhlabeni wonke, ekuphathweni komhlaba; ngokuqagela kokuthi iCadastre ingaba kanjani ku-2014.

Kulokhu kwavela idokhumende enesisekelo sefilosofi kwabaningi namuhla okungabonakala kusobala kakhulu, kepha sikhuluma ngo-1994, isikhathi lapho kuqala lolu hlelo futhi esashicilelwa ngo-1998. Ngo-1994 iWindows 95 yayingeyona isithembiso, sasisebenzisa iWindows 3.11 kumaqembu, I-AutoCAD R13 yalowo mbumbulu wamawindi ayengathandi kangako ngaphambi komkhuba wesikrini esimnyama se-R12, iMicrostation SE ku-Clipper Ustation yakudala esebenzisa imishini exuberant kodwa ebizayo ye-Intergraph; Isoftware yamahhala yayiwukukhohlisa kwe-nerd futhi i-Intanethi yayisebenza kusuka kulokho okwakuthiwa izingosi ezinjengeYahoo, iLycos, i-Excite ne-Altavista okwakudingeka ukuthi itholakale kwi-Internet cafe noma ngokukhalaza kwemodemu exhunywe ocingweni lwasendlini.

Ukuze ugweme ingozi ukuzwakala izindlela okubuya ibhola crystal, umsebenzi kufanele esekelwe imikhuba engcono ekhona futhi izindlela wemibono yalapho ziphenduke isihloko cadastral ngokuya izinqubo, amathuluzi, ububanzi kanye abadlali ngokuxhumanisa exhumene insimu

Imibiko yeCadastre ye-6 2014.

I-1. Ukugcwalisa isimo sensimu kubandakanya umthetho womphakathi kanye nemingcele

Le ndlela iholele i-Cadastre evamile ukuba iyeke ukubona ingxenye ethile yeqiniso kuphela, ngaphansi komqondo ochemile njengokubhalisa okusemthethweni kuphela noma ukubekwa phambili ezindabeni zezezimali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-cadastre igxilisa indima yayo "emaqinisweni", ngesithombe sokuthi izinto zinjani endaweni, ifuna ukugcina ulwazi olusha mayelana nokusemthethweni nokungahlelekile. Ukwengeza, umqondo wokuphelela, ukuze izinto zendawo eziphakathi kwemingcele yezakhiwo, njengemigwaqo, imifula, amabhishi, njll. Zingenziwa ngendlela efanayo nesakhiwo esingokoqobo eqhubekayo, ukugwema ukuthi esikhathini esizayo izakhiwo ziqhubeke nokucela ukulinganiswa kabusha okungena ezindaweni ezisetshenziswa umphakathi.

Omunye umkhawulo walesi simemezelo ukuxhunyaniswa kwedatha okungeyona eyempahla, ethinta isizinda, ukusetshenziswa, ukusebenza noma ukuchithwa kwezakhiwo. Kusho ukuthi ingqalasizinda yedatha yendawo ehlinzeka ngamasevisi anedatha efana nezindawo ezivikelwe, izindawo eziyingozi, izinhlelo zokusetshenziswa komhlaba, njll., ihlanganisa imithetho ukuze ubudlelwano bendawo nezakhiwo bubonakale njengomonakalo obonakala ekukhangiseni okusemthethweni. ngaleso sikhathi isikhulu kufanele senze iziqu noma sinikeze ilayisensi. Ngokwezinga le-ISO-19152, lesi simemezelo senza ubudlelwano bamaqembu anentshisekelo bube lula ubuqiniso bendawo ebuhlotsheni obubili besibili begama elithi RRR (Amalungelo, Imikhawulo, Izibopho) futhi le datha "okungeyona eyempahla" ibizwa ngokuthi indawo esemthethweni. izinto.

Ngakulayini ofanayo, ezinye izitatimende ezi-5 zaphakanyiswa kulowo mbhalo we-Cadastre ka-2014 owakhuthazwa yi-FIG ngo-1998. Isibonelo sethempulethi esiboniswe ngakwesokudla sinomqondo wefayela lohlobo lokuphatha lwe-Cadastre, elinokuphathwa kwedatha okuyinhloko kumaqiniso angahluka phakathi kwezikhungo ezithathe leyo datha emlandweni ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, eziqinisekisa ukusebenzisana nokuzimela kwezomthetho ngomqondo wokuphathwa kwedatha okuyinhloko ukuqinisa umgomo wokugunyazwa:

• Inombolo kazwelonke eyingqayizivele eyenziwe ekuqanjweni kwesizinda se-36,
• Izimpawu zabo ezibonakalayo ezivela eCadastre, izici zabo zomthetho ezivela ngokusemthethweni / okungaziwa kanye nezixwayiso zokungahambi kahle, izici zabo ezijwayelekile kanye nabathintekayo.
• Izaziso zezinqubo ezihanjisiwe (ezifakwe) ezinkambisweni ezihlukahlukene zezinhlelo kodwa ezingakaze zithole isinqumo noma ukuhoxiswa.
• Izixwayiso zokuvumelana, ngokungafani phakathi kwezinto zangempela nezomthetho.

Ngezansi umphumela we-LADM essence, njenge:

• Ukukhishwa kwezinqubo ezisekelwe kubalingisi kuhlanganiswe nenqubo yokuthengiselana futhi okuthakazelisayo ngenxa yezizathu zokuqala kwezinqubo ezihambisanayo noma ukubonakala okulula ngaphambi kwesakhamuzi esinesithakazelo sokuthola okuhle.
• Imiphumela yobudlelwane bomthetho (eyaziwa ngendlela ehlelekile-futhi ehlukile), futhi kungenzeka ukuthi ubone amasiko amasiko adlule, avela njengamazwi angasebenzi kodwa ebonakalayo.
• Imiphumela yemiphumela yendawo yokwehlukaniswa / uhlobo lokukhokha.

Uma leyo datha ivela ezinhlelweni zezithunywa zevangeli zeCadastre, Registry, Regularization noma Special Regime Registry, wonke umuntu angazinikezela ekusebenziseni izizathu zakhe zezithunywa zevangeli futhi isakhamuzi noma umsebenzisi wenqubo angathemba ukuthi le datha iyiqiniso lokugcina. Kusuka kuthebhu engokoqobo Yezomthetho, ukuboniswa okufanayo komqondo wangempela wephepha kungatholwa ngokuhlukahluka okunjengama-liens, ukubambiswa kwemali noma izixhumanisi zokunye ukubhaliswa okufana neMercantile, Intellectual, Guarantee Ehambayo futhi ngendlela efanayo, uma kungabhekwa iqiniso lokuphatha, izinto bezizobonakala izinhlangano zomthetho zendawo ezinabantu abathintekayo ekuthintekeni / ekuvinjelweni okubanga impahla yenzalo. Ezingeni lezikhungo zikahulumeni, le datha ephelele kufanele ibonakale ngaphandle kwemingcele, uma izinqubomgomo zigxile ekusebenzeni kahle kwezentengiselwano nasekuqhekekeni kobukhosi phakathi kwezikhungo zikahulumeni kanye nabalingisi abaseduzane nesakhamuzi njengotariary, umasipala, umphathi wezindawo ezisemadolobheni noma umhloli wamazwe ovunyelwe. Ukuchaza ukuthi yini lokhu okungaba khona ekufinyeleleni okuvulekele isakhamuzi kumane kuyindaba yenqubo esobala nezenzuzo, ngoba lokho okuphezulu (i-Master data) kungahle kube mahhala, okunye konke kunguqulo efiphele kanye nenqola yokuthenga lokho kusiza ukukhiqiza isitifiketi esisheshayo esinemininingwane ephelele.

I-2. Akukho ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwamabalazwe namarekhodi

Lesi sitatimende simcacele ngokwedlulele, yize ngonyaka we-1994 bekuyiphupho, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi imizamo eyaziwa kakhulu yabona i-CAD inamathele ngesixhumi serekhodi lesisekelo sendawo, futhi phakathi kokubi kakhulu lapho ifreyimu ingenakwakheka khona othisha abaningi kubudlelwano obuningi, njengezabelo ezinabanikazi abaningi noma abanikazi abanemali eningi; ngenxa yalokho igama lomnikazi kufanele liphindwe kumarekhodi amaningi njengoba lingavela kuleyo ndawo ... ngaphandle kokuthola imininingwane yokulinganiselwa okukhonjisiwe ngemithi nje eyi-16.

Ngokungangabazeki, lesi sitatimende siphawule imihlahlandlela enentshisekelo ngetimu ye-geospatial esetshenziswa ekuphathweni komhlaba. Nakuba kufaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi umbono wokuqala wawuwukubhekisela "ekuhlukaniseni okungenalutho phakathi kwedatha ye-Cadastre kanye nedatha ye-Registry Property" hhayi kuphela "imephu - irekhodi le-cadastral".

Lokhu futhi kunikeza isisindo ukusebenzisana kanye nokumiswa kwedatha yendawo evela kweminye imithetho ethi "njengezinto ezisemthethweni zendawo" ezithinta ukusetshenziswa, isizinda noma ukusebenza kwezakhiwo; ukufinyelela kunengqondo yakudala yolwazi oludalula izinsiza kungqalasizinda yedatha yendawo enezinqubomgomo nemithetho yokusebenzisana phakathi kwamamodeli. Mhlawumbe itimu ephumelelayo kulokhu bekuwukukhula kwamazinga e-OGC acindezelwa isofthiwe yamahhala futhi amukelwe ngokudangala isofthiwe yokuphathelene.

I-3. Ukufanekisela kuzoshintsha amabalazwe we-cadastral

I ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe lokhu imizimba ISO-19152 ejwayelekile, ngifuna ucabangela inkimbinkimbi ubudlelwane (RRR) phakathi amakilasi ezihlanganisa ngokoqobo ngokomzimba (abantu, nesimo sendawo), ngokoqobo abalingisa (iyunithi zokuphatha iyunithi ngekwendzawo) kanye nemithombo yokurekhoda ulwazi (Umthombo).

Kuzwakala kulula ukusho, futhi igrafu engakwesokudla ibonakala ilula. Yize ukuletha lokho ku-ISO ukuze isetshenziswe kwenze kwaba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe kusidingo sokuqala. Umzamo wokuqala obiziwe I-Coreast Domain Model Model (CCDM), okwakubizwa ngokuthi i-LADM, yaphela yaba yi-ISO ku-2012.

Futhi uma kwenzeka abanye becabanga ukuthi i-ISO ingase ingadingeki, labo bethu abafunda i-Cadastre 2014 kuleyo minyaka yokuqala bayazi ukuthi umthethonqubo we-semantic wawudingeka - futhi usaqhubeka nokuba yinselele-. Ukufundwa kokuqala kudale ukudideka ezihlokweni namatemu, ikakhulukazi kulabo abangama-semantic sleuth futhi abancamela ukubuza esikhundleni sokubeka umongo ngokubhala uhlu lwamagama. Njengesibonelo, igama elithi "cadastre - cadastre" alizange licatshangwe ukuthi lihunyushwe ngoba ngezimo ezifana ne-Holland, i-Cadastre yiRegistry; uma beyisa ezingeni balibiza ngokuthi "ukuphathwa komhlaba" okuzwakala kukhanga eSpanishi njengokuthi "ukuphathwa komhlaba"; Njengoba lokhu kubonakala ebusweni kuphela hhayi bonke ubudlelwano bayo, i-Aenor ihumusha ngokuthi “Territory Administration”, emazweni amaningi okuyigama elikhohlisayo nelinamaphutha elihlotshaniswa nokuphathwa kwesikhungo. Ezinye izibonelo igama elithi "iphasela" lapho kuma-Anglo-Saxon liyindawo ethengiswayo kodwa kumongo wokukhuluma isi-Spanish ngokuvamile lichaza indawo yasemaphandleni futhi alifaki ukuthuthukiswa njengoba kuboniswa amakhodi omphakathi.

Yilokho kanye i-ISO-19152 ekufunayo, ukulinganisa i-semantics "yesizinda". Nakuba ingenayo incwadi esebenzayo esekela ifilosofi yayo futhi iqondise ukuqaliswa kwayo; uma kubhekwa ukuthi amamodeli e-UML akulula ukuwathengisela abenzi bezinqumo abalindele imiphumela yokugcina esakhamuzini.

Lapha kuyinto elula ukucacisa ukuthi ukulungiswa nokuhluka phakathi I-LADM ne-ISO-19152.

I-LADM izalwa embonweni womhlaba jikelele, mayelana nemikhuba nemikhuba ye-20 iminyaka esikhathini esizayo kuLawulo lweZakhiwo.  I-LADM ingendlela ethile ngefilosofi.

Imiphumela ejwayelekile ye-ISO 19152 evela emphakathini womhlaba wonke, ukulinganisa ama-semantics wokuPhathwa koMhlaba.  I-ISO yindinganiso yokusebenzisa ifilosofi ye-LADM.

Kulolu daba lokutholwa kunesidingo sokubhala, ngaphezu kokugxila kumamodeli we-UML nokwamukelwa kokukhanya kobuchwepheshe kwama-athikili nokwethulwa emicimbini; Kungaba okuthokozisayo ukwenza umzamo omkhulu emiphumeleni yokutholwa ezingeni lenqubo, ukuhlelwa kokuhlangenwe nakho kanye nemikhuba emihle eyenza ukuthengiswa ezingeni labenza izinqumo. Kuleli cala, kunezibonelo ezifana neHonduras, eyamukela cishe yonke ifilosofi ye-LADM ohlelweni lwayo lwe-SURE-SINAP, futhi ngaphandle kokuyifaka kwinqubomgomo yomphakathi, ngeqiniso elilula lokuthi isuselwe kwiCCDM kusukela ngo-2005 iyivumele ukuqhubeka okuthakazelisayo yize kunokungazinzi lokhu izwe eliye labhekana nakho eminyakeni eyi-15 edlule; noma amacala afana neNicaragua okuthi ngaphandle kokubonisa ukuqaliswa kokujwayelekile, yonke injini ye-SIICAR isho ukutholwa kokuthobela cishe izinga 2.

I-4. I-cadastre emafomethi engokwenyama iyoba into yesikhathi esedlule

Njengomphumela wale modeli nokucatshangelwa kabusha kwamafomethi womzimba, kuphakama iziphakamiso ezinomthelela ezicini ezifana nesigcino samagama se-cadastral. Ezikhathini zasendulo, okhiye be-cadastral kwakulandelana ngamadijithi angafika kwangu-30, lapho okokuhlonza ngokwezindawo nezici zokuphatha kwakuxutshwe khona; ngenkathi kwakuthandana nabasebenzisi ngaphakathi kwalesi sikhungo, kumsebenzisi wokugcina babenobunzima futhi bengenakusetshenziswa okuncane uma iningi lalezo zinombolo lalingu-zero. Njengesibonelo, lawa ma-nomenclature afaka phakathi ukuthi ngabe impahla ingeyasemakhaya yini; uma lokhu kwenzeke kuthathwa njengedolobha ubunikazi bayo buguqulwe cishe ngoba inombolo ehlanganisiwe ibingafani. Okuningi kwalowo mqondo kwaqhamuka ekuphathweni kwamafomethi womzimba, njengoba sikhumbula ukuthi ekuqaleni umqondo wasezindaweni zasemadolobheni nasemaphandleni wawuhlotshaniswa nosayizi wokuphrinta wamamephu wokugcina, lawo ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi ayedinga izikali 1: 1,000 ngenkathi ezindawo zasemaphandleni izikali 1: 5,000 noma 1: 10,000.

Ukucabanga ngezakhiwo zedijithali kuholela ekugqashukeni nalezi zinhlelo, ucabange ngokuthi yini engeza inani lesakhamuzi esidinga inombolo elula nokumodela lapho impahla kufanele iqhubeke nokugcina ubunikazi bayo naphezu kokushintsha umasipala ngenxa yokuguqulwa komngcele ophakathi komasipala, yize shintsha isimo saso esingahlelekile ngokomthetho, yize siguqule ukwakheka kwaso emadolobheni kanye nasemaphandleni. Hhayi ukuthi lezi zinkambu azisadingeki, kepha uma zikumathebula wezichasiso, zingashintshwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngaphandle kokuthi into ishintshe ubunikazi bayo; Ngaphandle kokuthi, kunjalo, ushintsho lisho ukuguqulwa kwejometri yalo.

Futhi ngalokhu kuvela izindlela zokuhlonza ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, njengalezo ezisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ezinjengamaphasiphothi, izinqubo, amapuleti ezimoto (ukwenza isibonelo). Inombolo enamadijithi angama-30 kungaba ngeyothando; Singaba lapho nombala wemoto, isibalo seminyango esinayo, inani lamasondo, uhlobo lomkhiqizo futhi mhlawumbe nenani lezikhathi lapho umnikazi walo eye khona ocansini esihlalweni esingemuva; kepha ipuleti lincane futhi izinombolo ezimbalwa zihlala; iphoyisa lomgwaqo linenkumbulo embi futhi limatasa nokukhumbula inombolo kalula noma ngabe imoto ihamba ngejubane; bese-ke kufanele ingashintshi ngesikhathi inqobo nje uma kuyimoto efanayo. Ukusuka lapho kuvela izindlela ezingaguqula inombolo isuselwe kumadijithi ezinombolo eziyi-10 (isisekelo 10) abe yikhodi yokuhlanganiswa kwalezo zinombolo eziyishumi nezinhlamvu ezingama-26 zama-alfabhethi (isisekelo 36);

Isibonelo se-base 10 kuya ku-base 36 ukuguqulwa ngu: 0311000226 kungasho 555TB6. Kusho ukuthi ngamadijithi ayisi-6 kuphela angaxhasa izakhiwo ezihlukile ezifika ezigidini eziyishumi, zigcine usayizi ofanayo (amadijithi ayisithupha). Njengoba i-automation kungenzeka ukwenza lokhu kuguqulwa nobudlelwano kuqhathaniswa nezinombolo zangaphambilini; yesakhamuzi, ikhodi iyintambo emfushane, ngaphakathi enezici zekhodi ingafakwa isifihla noma imane ibe inombolo elandelanayo ezingeni likazwelonke. Ukuhlola ukuthi lokhu kusebenza kanjani, ngiphakamisa ukuthi lesi sixhumanisi se-google.

http://www.unitconversion.org/numbers/base-10-to-base-36-conversion.html

I-5. Umsebenzi ohlangene phakathi kwezinkampani ezizimele nezomphakathi

Lo mkhuba ube nomthelela omkhulu kumamodeli wobambiswano phakathi kwezinkampani ezizimele nezikahulumeni, efuna ukudlulisela ezinkampanini ezizimele lezo zici okungezona ibhizinisi elisimeme lesikhungo sikahulumeni. Kweminye iminyaka, i-Cadastre yenza ucwaningo oluphelele emkhakheni, ngama-brigades abantu abaqashwe yisikhungo; Namuhla kulula kakhulu ukukhipha lo msebenzi. Ngokufanayo, ukwenziwa kwedijithali kanye nokukhishwa kwedatha kumarekhodi aphathekayo, okuvumela izinkampani ezizimele ukuthi zenze leyo misebenzi "eyesikhashana" noma okungenani uma yenziwa kahle, yenziwa kanye kuphela, ukugwema ukutshalwa kwezimali emishinini ephelelwa yisikhathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isimo sezulu.

Kodwa-ke, kuyinselelo lapho kunokuningi kokukuhlela okususelwa ekuhambeni kancane nasezingozini. Ukudlulisela ihhovisi langaphambili ebhange kubonakala kulula kakhulu futhi kucishe kube yisibopho, kepha ukunikezela irisidi yolwazi kudinga ezinye izinhlobo zeziqinisekiso, hhayi kuphela kwezokuphepha kepha futhi nakwezomthetho nakwezokuphatha.

I-6. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kuCadastre kuzobuyiswa

I-athikili ayinikeli ngokuningi, futhi sinethemba lokuyithinta kuhlelo oluzayo. Kepha ngokuyisisekelo lesi simiso sincike eqinisweni lokuthi ukuthunjwa kolwazi, ukufuduka kusuka emzimbeni kuya kwidijithali noma ukwakhiwa kohlelo olukhulu kwenziwa kanye. Futhi kwenziwa kahle. Umsebenzi wokubuyekeza olandelayo nokuvela kwawo akufanele kudinge imali mboleko evela ezinhlanganweni zamazwe omhlaba, kepha kufanele kube kumethrikhi yokutshalwa kabusha kwezinsizakusebenza ezakhiwe kusuka emisha emikhiqizweni nasezinsizakalweni ezintsha.

Imibiko ye-2034 Land Registry

I-2014 ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngendlela uhambo lwaluyiyo, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokuthola okusha okuzocabangela ukuthi kuzokwenzani eminyakeni elandelayo ye-20.

Kulesi sibuyekezo, sibheka izinyathelo ezibalulekile eziye zaphazamisa ukuguqulwa kolwazi kwi-cadastre, njengezindawo eziyisisekelo zendawo kanye nezinqalasizinda, geolocation yangaphakathi yomphakathi; Ngokufanayo, imibono eye yanikeza izithakazelo ezintsha kwiCadastre njengoHulumeni weZakhiwo, Ukubusa kwensimu nokuthi yini engayilindela esikhathini esizayo kanye nokwenza kube lula engqondweni.

Ngakho-ke kuphakama izitatimende ezintsha eziyisithupha nemibuzo eyisithupha. NjengoCadastre 6, ukuhumusha kususelwa kumongo walokho okwenzekayo vele. Amanye amazwe anqobe izikhala zamabanga aphansi azokwamukela ezinye zalezi zimfashini, ngoba ukuzinza nokufunwa kwabo sekuvele bafuna okunye emakethe yabo; lokhu kuzokhipha abanye abangazisindisa ngokunqamulela kokuhlangana. Abanye, ngenxa yokuba nezidingo eziyisisekelo, bazoqhubeka nokuzama ukugcwalisa isikweletu sezimemezelo zeCadastre zango-6.

I-1. Isikhathi esifanele

Isihloko sisebekhulile kakhulu, ukuthi iBergges iyayithola emthonjeni ovela ku-1658:

Kulo Mbuso, i-Art of Cartography yazuza ukulingana okunjalo ukuthi imephu yeSifundazwe esisodwa yayithatha wonke umuzi, kanye nemephu yoMbuso, isiFundazwe sonke. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lawaMamephu angaxhunyiwe angazange anelise futhi amakolishi aCartographers aphakamisa iMephu yoMbuso, owawubukhulu boMbuso futhi uhambelane ngokuhambisana nawo.

Ngaphansi Sezinto iSifundo of ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe, le Izizukulwane Ukulandela baqonda ukuthi lesi osuke usuvulekile Map kwaba Akunamsebenzi hhayi ngaphandle Impiety wamnika sisibi Sun futhi Winters. Emagqumeni aseNtshonalanga kukhona ukubhujiswa kweMephu Amanxiwa, ahlalwe yizilwane kanye nezikhalazi; kulo lonke izwe alikho enye into elandelwayo Yemiyalo YeGeographical.

Bekulokhu kukhathaza, ikakhulukazi ezimeni lapho kukhohliwe ukuthi ukuba nayo yonke insimu enemfanelo yokulawulwa elawulwa kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuthola isiqeshana esisodwa nge-ultra-precision. Ngamathuba ezobuchwepheshe amanje, lesi sitatimende sithi lesi sihloko sizoba nesithakazelo esijwayelekile eminyakeni engama-20 ezayo; ikakhulukazi lapho ukumbozwa kwendawo sekudlulisiwe futhi intshisekelo kuphela ukuthuthukisa ukucacisa kwayo.

I-2. Izinto ezihloswe kuzo Amalungelo, Izivimbelo kanye Nemithwalo yemfanelo

Lokhu ukuvela kwalokho obekuvele kuhlongozwa ku-Cadastre 2014, ngokuhlukahluka kokuthi esikhundleni sokuba ubudlelwano bendawo kuphela phakathi kwezinto ezisemthethweni ezisezakhiweni, zingaba yizinto ezinamamodeli wazo enwetshiwe. Isibonelo ngaphambi kwesikhathi yiRegistry Regime Special amanye amazwe asevele enayo; Ngiyagcizelela ukuthi, ngaphandle kobudlelwano phakathi kwezendlalelo, kuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwamasu wokubhalisa kulezi zinto eziqinisekisa umlando wazo, ukuba semthethweni, umthandazo weqembu elithandayo kanye nesimo ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kusilinganiso.

Ngakho-ke, ukuthi i-cone yokulinganisa kokufika kwesikhumulo sezindiza, kwenzeka ukuthi ifakwe njengalokho okuyiyo; endaweni ezingaphezu kuka komthetho womphakathi, kodwa umehluko ukuthi udlulela emapulazini amaningi umthetho wangasese, inomlando okungukuthi umthetho ukuthi uyayenza umnikazi ngubani isikhungo usebenza kosuku lokuqalisa geometry yayo ngekwendzawo ( ezintathu-ntathu) futhi ingashintshwa kuphela ngokuthengiselana.

I-3. Amandla okuphatha i-3D

Lokhu kungaphezu kokusobala. Kuze kube manje ubukhulu obuthathu bebumele, ikakhulukazi i-alphanumeric. Kungenzeka ufike efulethini elisendlini enezingqimba wazi ikhodi yempahla yayo, isigaba sendawo yokwakha, inombolo yombhoshongo, izinga nenombolo yefulethi.

Umkhuba wama-Digital Twins nama-SmartCities uholela ezinhlakeni zokumodela ezinhlangothini ezintathu ekusebenzeni kwesoftware yokuphathwa kwempahla (Indoors Cadastre). Yebo, ngale kwalokhu kumelwa, uCadastre 2034 uthi bangaphathwa; kusho, sebenzisa amasu wokubhalisa ukuze ukuvuselelwa kwawo kungathinti nokususa kuphela, kepha kuhlotshaniswa nokuthengiselana komjikelezo wempilo; bayazalwa, i-geometry yabo iyabanjwa, bayalingiswa, baqala ukusebenza ngezinqubo zabantu zansuku zonke, bayashintsha, futhi bafe nokufa.

Lokhu kuzobandakanya ukuphathwa umthamo 3D ukwamukelwa of izindlela ezintsha zokuthola izinsuku ulwazi bamba, Leveraging amasu akhona manje njengoba iphuzu amafu kodwa izici ukusiza ukukhomba izinto lula onobuhle ingqalasizinda kanye digital sezwe onobuhle.

I-4. Isibuyekezo sesikhathi sangempela

Inqobo nje uma abalingisi ababambe iqhaza ekuphathweni komhlaba behlanganiswe nomphathi wezezakhiwo, ukugeleza okulandelanayo okungaba okufanayo ngeke kudingeke. Njengesibonelo, ibhange kufanele likwazi ukufaka imali mboleko ngaphandle kommeli olungisa izivumelwano njengomxhumanisi; Sekukonke, ungumsebenzisi onikwe amandla ngaphambi kohlelo futhi nguyena ongene esivumelwaneni nesakhamuzi, esigunyaza ukulala endaweni yakhe. Ngokude, uhulumeni wakudala uzokwazi ukufaka umbhalisi ochofoza inkinobho ngaphakathi eyamukela ukubhaliswa, aze akhathale ukucela amalayisense ngoba umunwe wakhe ubuhlungu, bazombeka emgwaqeni badlulisele kuye ukusebenza kunhlangano egunyaziwe ebhange. Lo mqondo ofanayo uyasebenza nakwabanye abalingisi manje abangenelela entengiselweni, njengomphathi wedolobha, umhloli wamazwe, ummeli olungisa izivumelwano, umasipala, njll. Uma nje abalingisi behlanganisiwe, ukuvuselelwa kuzoba ngesikhathi sangempela futhi umncintiswano uzoba yizinsizakalo ezihamba phambili.

Futhi-ke, i-cadastre izobuyekezwa ngabantu, ekugcineni lapho benza khona ukuthengiselana.

Lokhu kuzwakala kuhlanya, kepha yilokho osekuvele kwenzeka ngebhange. Ngaphambili, ibhange lalikhipha ikhadi (ha, njengamakhadi wamathikithi wokuhamba), futhi kwakudingeka ukuya ebhange ukuyokhipha imali, bese uthenga ngaleyo mali, futhi uma sinemali eyeqile singaya ukuyifaka ebhange noma ekanini yobisi ngaphansi kombhede. Namuhla uvula i-akhawunti yasebhange, bese bakunikeza ikhadi lasebhange ne-password oyiphatha ku-Intanethi; Awusakhiphi ebhange, kepha usekhipha i-ATM; i-akhawunti yakho ivuselelwa ngesikhathi sangempela lapho uthenga kunoma yiliphi ibhizinisi, ku-inthanethi noma udlulisela kubantu besithathu kusuka kuselula yakho ngenkathi usetekisini.

Umkhuba ukhomba lapho, ukuthi umsebenzisi ungena kwi-akhawunti yakhe yakwaNational Property Registry, abone lapho indawo anayo, uma efuna ukuyiboleka angayenza ngqo nebhange, uma efuna ukuyidayisa angakwazi. kwenze ngokuqondile, uma efuna ukuphatha ilayisense yokwakha noma imvume yokusebenza… njengoba kwenzeka kakade ebhange! "Njenge-Uber", lokhu ngeke kumiswe yizikhulu ze-archaic ze-cadastre-registry, ngisho nezinhlangano ze-notary. Simply isidingo emakethe; ngezinga izinqubo ezibekwa ngalo ngendlela efanayo, ukuvikeleka nokuphelela kolwazi kuyaqiniswa; amamodeli amabhizinisi aphazamisayo azohlangana nezixazululo ezisekelwe kwizakhamizi njengento ebaluleke kakhulu.

Kulesi sici, izinqubo manje ukuthi ongaqhuba eceleni bukhomba njengoba emakethe impahla (sokuqasha kanye yokuthengisa) lapho B2B njengoba Airbnb izikimu ngokubulala imodeli ezivamile nokuzibona wahlela nokufinyelela komhlaba ngumsebenzisi ekupheleni; befa ngendlela agent ingcebo, ummeli owenza yesivumelwano, ethengiswayo kwenza isifundo wekhono kwezomnotho, inkampani lecinisekisa ephephile futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke isimo ukuthi kunzima ukwenza intela.

Kuzokwenzeka futhi ukuthi izinhlelo zokubhaliswa kwezakhiwo zihlanganiswe, kube yirejista "yempahla etholakalayo ukuhwebelana", lokhu kusebenza ezimeni ezifana nempahla egudlukayo (izimoto), impahla yengqondo, impahla yezentengiselwano (izinkampani, amasheya), ngaphansi kokulingana. "kwamanani athengiswayo". Ukuze lokhu, ubuchwepheshe njenge-BlockChain futhi ukuhlakanipha okufakelwayo kumele kusetshenziswe izinkontileka ezihlakaniphile, ngendlela ebonakalayo ye-digital twin into ebonakalayo ngokomzimba nge cryptocurrency elilinganayo, kuze kube lapho ukuqinisekiswa kwezimali kuqinisekisiwe ebhalweni lapho uhulumeni engasenakhandlela khona.

Futhi-ke, i-cadastre-registry izovuselelwa ngesikhathi sangempela njengoba sekuvele kwenzeka kwezinye izindawo zokuphila kwansuku zonke.

Kubuye kube umbuzo "wokwenza ubuntu ukuphuthuma ukuthi i-Cadastral-Registration Registry ibhekane nesidingo esikhulu emhlabeni." Ngakho-ke umbuzo: Ingabe i-Conventional Cadastre ikulungele ukuhlangabezana nezindleko, isikhathi kanye nezidingo zokulandeleka ze-70% yabantu abangenamalungelo omhlaba? Futhi asibhekiseli ekuhlolweni kabusha kwendawo eminyakeni engama-50, kodwa ezikhathini zamarekhodi aphezulu zeminyaka eyi-6; nakuba lokhu kufanele siphule ama-paradigms wokugeleza kwamanje kwenqubo yokubhaliswa kwe-cadastral, sigxile kulokho okungeza inani le-Land Administration chain.

Ngakho-ke, sibhekisa kulesi sici esihlotshaniswa nalesi simemezelo yisidingo somhlaba jikelele sokubhalisa abantu abangenawo umazisi owaziwa uhlelo olusemthethweni, izakhiwo ezingabhalisiwe nohlu lwamalungelo abasetshenziswa yilaba bantu lomhlaba. Lokhu, ngaphandle kokubala ukuthi kulokho osekubhalisiwe kukhona ukungahleleki okuyisidala okwedlulele. Ukuxazulula le nkinga eminyakeni engama-20 ezayo kusho ukucabanga kabusha ngezindlela eziphazamisayo ezivumela ukunciphisa isikhathi, izindleko kanye nokubamba iqhaza okukhulu kwabantu.

I-5. I-Cadastre yomhlaba wonke futhi engahlangene

Lokho nje. Ukuma okukhuthazwa yimakethe, okokuhlonza into kwendawo yonke. Futhi kudoti kungakhishwa ikhodi enamadijithi angama-30 njalo lapho impahla igcwala izintaba.

I-6. Amandla okuphatha imingcele yemvelo

Lokhu kusho ukubala kwezinto ezingabonakali, njengezinqolobane zemvelo ezithinta umhlaba jikelele, indawo yokugcina amakhorali olwandle.

Imibuzo yezindima ezingase zenzeke zeCadastre

Nge-Cadastre 2034, kuphakanyiswa nezinkinga zentshisekelo yomhlaba, lapho kungenzeka ukuthi iCadastre ingenelele, futhi uma kunjalo, izobeka imigomo emisha yokuphathwa kwamahabhu emininingwane ephelele endaweni eqhubeka ixhuma emhlabeni. Le mibuzo yile:

I-1. Ukuthatha umhlaba Ingabe iCadastre izoba nendima ekubhaliseni lolu lwazi?
I-2. Ukuphepha kokudla Ingabe kuyoba nesithakazelo ekuhlobaniseni nezinto zensimu izici zabo kanye nokuhlobana nomuntu ekusetshenzisweni, ukufinyelela nokutholakala kwelungelo lokudla?
I-3. Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu Ingabe kuyoba nesithakazelo ekubhaliseni kwamalungelo nokuxhomeka kokungcupheni okuhambisana nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu?
4. Isixuku Cadastre. Yini engenziwa futhi engenakwenziwa ku-cadastre yokubambisana?
5. I-cadastre eluhlaza. Umthetho womngcele ohlaza?
6. I-cadastre yomhlaba wonke. Yiziphi izingqalasizinda ezizodingeka kwiCadastre yomhlaba?

I-FIG 2019 - IHanoi 

I-cadastre ye-Fit-for-purpose ifana ne-Uber. AmaJiyometri kumele azibandakanye, ngoba kuzokwenzeka ngathi noma ngaphandle kwethu.