I-BIM - umkhuba ongaphenduki we-CAD

Kumongo wethu we Geo-Engineering, the Igama le-BIM (Ukwakhiwa Kwemininingwane Yokwakha), evumela izinto ezahlukahlukene zangempela ukuba zilingiswe, hhayi ekumeleleni kwazo kuphela kepha nasezigabeni ezahlukahlukene zomjikelezo wempilo. Kusho ukuthi umgwaqo, ibhuloho, i-valve, umsele, isakhiwo, esivela ekukhulelweni kwaso singaba nefayela elisikhombayo, eliqukethe ukwakheka kwalo, inqubo yalo yokwakha, umthelela kwimvelo yemvelo, ukusebenza, ukusetshenziswa, ukunikezwa kwemvume, ukunakekelwa, ukulungiswa, inani lemali ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngisho nokudilizwa kwalo.

Kusetshenziswa indlela yama-theorists enza i-geofuming le nkinga, indlela yokuvuthwa ye-BIM ihlotshaniswa nokuthuthuka kokufakwa okudingekayo ekuthuthukisweni kwayo, amandla amaqembu wokuthwebula nokuphatha imininingwane (okusha nokukhona), ukuqaliswa amazinga womhlaba wonke, ingqalasizinda yedatha kanye nokumodelwa kwezinqubo ezahlukahlukene zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezihambisana nokuphathwa komhlaba. Inselelo ye-BIM ukuthi ifinyelela esikhathini lapho ifaka khona ubudlelwano obungaphakathi ne-PLM (Product Lifecycle Management), lapho imboni yezokukhiqiza nezinsizakalo ifuna ukuphatha umjikelezo ofanayo, yize unezikali ezingabandakanyi isici se-geospatial.

Iphuzu tekuhlangani lezi imizila emibili (BIM + PLM) umqondo emadolobheni smart (Smart Amadolobha), lapho izinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu lahlani, ngakho nesidingo esiphuthumayo amadolobha ezinkulu ezifana irreversibility ukuze ukukhalipha womuntu ongashi kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe isetshenziswa izinqumo.

Ngezansi, sichaza ezinye izici eziyisisekelo kanye nentuthuko ehlobene ne-BIM kanye nobuhlobo bayo namathuluzi akhiqiza kwezobuchwepheshe.

Amazinga we-BIM

Bew noRichards bahlela indlela yokuvuthwa kwe-BIM kumazinga amane, kufaka phakathi i-Level zero, njengoba kuboniswe kugrafu. Ukucacisa, ukuthi lokhu kuyindlela yokubheka ukulinganisa, hhayi okuningi kokutholwa komhlaba jikelele, okungukuthi kuningi okumele ukhulume ngawo.

I-BIM Level 0 (CAD).

Lokhu kufana neComputer Aided Design, ebonwa ngokukhanya kwasekuqaleni esikubone ngeminyaka yama-80s. Ngalezo zikhathi, obekubekwe eqhulwini bekuzothatha umdwebo wezobuchwepheshe obesevele wenziwe ngamasethi wezinhlelo, ezifundeni ezinamakhompiyutha. Sikhumbula njengezibonelo ukuzalwa kwe-AutoCAD neMicrostation kulezi zikhathi, okuthi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa isinyathelo sabo esikhulu, zenze lutho ngaphandle kweMidwebo; izandiso zabo zishilo kanjalo (Ukudweba i-DWG, i-Design DGN). Mhlawumbe okuwukuphela kwesoftware ebivele ibonwe ngaphesheya kwalokho kwakuyi-ArchiCAD, okwathi kusukela ngo-1987 yakhuluma nge-Virtual Building, ngokwedelela ukuba ngowaseHungary eminyakeni yempi ebandayo. Futhi ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba kufaka ukuphathwa kwemininingwane engafakwanga georefere evela kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezihlobene nokuphathwa kwephrojekthi, isibonelo amaBhajethi, ukuHlela, ukuphathwa kwezomthetho, njll.

I-BIM Level 1 (2D, 3D).

Lokhu kwenzeka eshumini leminyaka elidlule, ekuvuthweni kwendawo yokusebenza esevele ibizwa nge-2D. Ukwakhiwa esikhaleni se-3D nakho kuyaqala, nakuba kusezigabeni zayo zakudala, singakhumbula ukuthi kwakunzima kangakanani ukukwenza nge-AutoCAD R13 kanye ne-Microstation J. Kwakukhona ukubonwa kwe-2014-dimensional yomsebenzi, kodwa kwakusengama-vectors akhiwe ngama-arcs. , izindawo, ubuso kanye namaqembu alokhu. Endabeni ye-AutoDesk, izinguqulo ezifana ne-SoftDesk imiqondo ehlanganisiwe efana nezindawo ezivela ku-AutoCAD XNUMX, okwenziwe ngayo imiklamo yemigwaqo nokuhlaziywa kwendawo, kodwa yonke into yayingemuva kwebhokisi elimnyama elinezixazululo ezifana ne-EaglePoint yenze okwengeziwe "ezimibalabala“. I-Microstation isivele ifake i-Triforma, i-Geopack ne-AutoPlant ngaphansi komqondo ofanayo, enezixhumanisi zendawo ze-engeneering-links ngaphandle kokumiswa kokuvumelana.

Lokhu eyishumi, naphezu ukuthi kwakungekho ngisho amamodeli Izinto zifane ebamba isisu yaqaphela eqinisweni ukuhlanganiswa kancane ophoqelelwe nezixazululo mpo ngoba AEC akuthola besithathu, kuhlanganisa Architecture, Ukwakhiwa, geospatial Embonini Ukukhiqiza futhi Animation.

I-AutoDesk ayizange ikhulume nge-BIM kuze kuthengwe i-Revit ngo-2002, kepha ukuhlanganisa izixazululo ezifana ne-Civil3D kuthatha isikhathi eside. Endabeni yeBentley, ukungena kohlelo lweXFM (Extensible Feature Modeling) eMicrostation 2004 kubalulekile futhi ngesikhathi soguquko olwaziwa njengeXM, amapulatifomu avela eceleni afana neHeastad, RAM, STAAD, Optram, Speedikon, ProSteel, PlantWise, RM- I-LEAP Bridge neHevaComp. Ngo-2008 iBentley yethule iMicrostation V8i, lapho iXFM ikhula iye kwi-I-model njengezinga lokusebenzisana.

I-BIM Level 2 (BIM, 4D, 5 D)

Into enzima kakhulu kulesi sigaba seBIM Level 2 kube ukulinganisa; ikakhulukazi njengoba izinkampani ezizimele zibeka iminsalo yazo futhi zifuna ukuphoqa abanye ukuthi basebenzise imicabango yabo. Endabeni yesoftware yenkambu ye-geospatial, kube yisoftware yamahhala esenze ukuthi kube namandla okuma ngezinga ngezinga lokuvumelana okumelwe yi-Open Geospatial Consortium OGC manje. Kepha emkhakheni we-CAD-BIM, bekungekho sinyathelo se-OpenSource, njengokuthi kuze kube yimanje okuwukuphela kwesoftware yamahhala enamandla okuvuthwa yiLibreCAD, ekuleveli 1 kuphela -uma kungenjalo ukuthi kushiya izinga le-0. Izinkampani ezizimele zikhiphe izinhlobo zamahhala, kepha ukubekwa emabangeni we-BIM kuye kwahamba kancane, ngezwi labanye ngenxa yobukhosi be-imperialist.

Umnikelo wamaNgisi ubalulekile, ukuthi umkhuba wabo wokwenza cishe yonke into emuva, kuholele iBritish Standard, efana ne-BS1192: 2007 ne-BS7000: amakhodi ama-4; Lezi zindala kakhulu kusukela ezindizeni zamaphepha kuya kwiBIM Level 1. I-BS8541: 2 isivele ivela kumodeli yedijithali nakule minyaka eyishumi i-BS1192: 2 ne-BS1192: 3.

Kuyaqondakala ukuthi kungani i-BentleySystems yenze ingqungquthela yonyaka yengqalasizinda kanye nemiklomelo yayo eLondon, iminyaka i-2013, i-2014, i-2015 ne-2016; kanye nokutholwa kwezinkampani ezinamaphothifoliyo aphezulu wamakhasimende waseBrithani -Ngiyaqaphela ngisho nokuhamba ngendlunkulu yaseYurophu kusukela eHolland kuya e-Ireland-.

Okokugcina, njalo phakathi kohlaka lwe-OGC, sekuye kwenzeke ukuba kuthuthukiswe ngamazinga amaningana wokubambisana okukhomba ku-BIM, ikakhulukazi i-GML, yeziphi izibonelo ezifana ne-InfraGML, CityGML ne-UrbanGML esengaphambili.

Yize imizamo eminingi yamanje kuleli shumi leBIM Level 2 izama ukufinyelela ekuphathweni komjikelezo wempilo wamamodeli, awasakwazi ukubhekwa njengabanzi noma afane nezikweletu, kanye nezikweletu ezingekho nge-4D ne-5D ezibandakanya uHlelo lwe Ukwakhiwa kanye nokulinganiswa kweDynamic. Amathrendi wokuhlangana kwezikhalazo ayabonakala ekuhlanganisweni / ekutholakaleni kwezinkampani kanye nasembonweni ophelele wokumiswa.

I-BIM 3 Level (Ukuhlanganiswa, Ukuphathwa Kwama-Cycle Management, i-6D)

Izinga lokuhlanganiswa elindeleke ku-BIM Level 3, kakade emva kwe-2020 liqukethe okulindeleke ukuthi kube khona ukulingana ngokwemigomo: I-Common Data (IFC). Izichazamazwi Ezivamile (IDM) kanye Nezinqubo Ezivamile (IFD).

Kulindeleke ukuthi ukushintshwa kwe-Life Cycle kuzoholela I-intanethi yezinto (i-Inthanethi yezinto IOT), lapho kungabonakali khona kuphela indawo yomhlaba, kodwa futhi imishini kanye nezizinda eziyingxenye yezakhiwo, izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukuthutha (impahla ehambayo), izimpahla zokusetshenziswa kwekhaya, imithombo yemvelo, yonke imjikelezo ukuphila okusebenza emthethweni womphakathi kanye wangasese wabanikazi, abaqashi, abaqambi kanye nabatshalizimali.

Endabeni yeBentley Systems, ngiyakhumbula ngibona kusuka ezethulweni zika-2013 eLondon, ukuhlanganiswa kwezinqubo ezimbili zeProject Definition Cycle:

• I-PIM (i-Project Information Model) I-Breef - Umqondo - Incazelo - Design - Ukwakhiwa / Ikhomishini - Ukulethwa / ukuvalwa
• I-AIM (I-Information Information Model) Umsebenzi - Sebenzisa

Kungumqondo onentshisekelo, uma kubhekwa ukuthi lezi zici zivela eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, kepha ukuthi ukuthuthuka kuvumela ukulinganisa kube yinto ebonakalayo. Yize kunezixazululo eziningi mpo, ukuqondiswa kwensiza yeCONNECT Edition kwakha izimo zeHub ngaphakathi kwendawo eyodwa lapho iMicrostation iyithuluzi lokumodela, iProjectWise ithuluzi lokuphathwa kwephrojekthi kanye ne-AssetWise ithuluzi lokuphatha ukusebenza. , ngaleyo ndlela kuvalwa izikhathi ezimbili ezibalulekile, i-Opex neCapex ye-BS1192: 3.

Kuphinde kulindeleke ukuthi ngalesi sigaba idatha izobhekwa njengengqalasizinda, ukuthi idinga iziteshi ukuba zisakazwe, ukuqinisekiswa okumele kusetshenziswe ngokugcwele, kanti nakanjani kuyoba khona ezimweni zangempela zesikhathi ngokubambisana okukhulu kwabathengi.

I-Smart Cities iyisikhuthazo se-BIM

Inselelo ye-BIM Level 3 ukuthi imikhakha ayiguquki ngokusebenzisa amafomethi wefayela kepha ngezinsizakalo ezivela ku-BIM-Hubs. Ukuzivocavoca okuthakazelisayo kwalokhu kuzoba yiSmart Cities, esevele isebenzisa amacala anjengeCopenhagen, iSingapoore, iGoli yenza imizamo ethokozisayo yokuhlanganisa u-e-government no-g-government, uma sizivumela leyo migomo. Kepha futhi kuyinselelo ethokozisayo, ukuthi kuleyo ndawo ye-BIM Level 3, yonke imisebenzi yabantu iyenziwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izici ezinjengezezimali, ezemfundo, ezempilo kanye nezemvelo zifakiwe kumjikelezo oxhumene nokuphathwa kwendawo. Vele, ngeke sikubone ukuzivocavoca okusebenzayo kule minyaka eyishumi, kuyangabazeka ngisho nokuthi kwenzeka ngempela esikhathini esimaphakathi, uma sibheka ukuthi izifiso ziqinisekisa impilo yezakhamuzi zalomhlaba -noma okungenani kusuka kulawo madolobha- kanye nokubuyiselwa komonakalo ohlelweni lomhlaba jikelele -okungencike emadolobheni ambalwa-.

Nakuba i-Smart Cities engekho ekhoneni, kwenzekani nezinkampani ezinkulu ezilawula ubuchwepheshe obudume kakhulu.

I-HEXAGON, ngokutholwa kwezinkampani ezinjengeLeica zingalawula ukubanjwa kwedatha emkhakheni, ngokutholwa kwe-Erdas + Intergraph kungalawula ukumodelwa kwendawo, manje muva nje kwenza indlela esolisayo ne-AutoDesk yokulawula ukuklama, ukukhiqiza kanye nokugqwayiza. Ukungasho zonke izinkampani ezibandakanya leyo emporium, zonke ezibhekiswe entweni efanayo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iBentley ilawula ukwakheka, ukusebenza kanye nomjikelezo wezinhlobonhlobo zezimboni ze-Construction, Architecture, Civil and Industrial Engineering. Kodwa-ke, iBentley ayibonakali inentshisekelo yokweba isikhala kwabanye, futhi siyabona ukuthi yenza kanjani umfelandawonye noTrimble othenge cishe bonke abancintisana nabo abahlobene nokumodela nokuphathwa kwensimu, ISIEMENS enamandla amakhulu embonini yezokukhiqiza kanye neMicrosoft. ehlose ukuqhubekela kwingqalasizinda yedatha -ukuze ungashiywa ngaphandle, ngoba kule ndawo yemiboniso ulahlekile nge-Windows + Office yakho-

Nomaphi lapho siyibona khona, izinkampani ezinkulu zibheja i-BIM ngamandla ayo aseduze kuzimbazo ezintathu ezizohambisa ukusebenza kwamaSmart Cities: Izindlela Zokukhiqiza, Ukuhlinzekwa Kwengqalasizinda kanye Nokusungula kuzidingo ezintsha zemikhiqizo / izinsizakalo. Impela, kunezilo ezinkulu ezinkulu ezisele ukuhambisana namabhulokhi, njenge-ESRI, IBM, i-Oracle, i-Amazon, iGoogle, ukubala ezimbalwa esaziyo ukuthi zinentshisekelo ezinhlelweni zazo zeSmart Cities.

Kuyacaca ukuthi ibhizinisi elilandelayo ngamaSmart Cities, ngaphansi kokuhlanganiswa kweBIM + PLM lapho ingeke ibe khona iMicrosoft ethatha ama-95% emakethe. Lena imodeli eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kubuye kubonakale ukuthi izinkampani ezingabhejeli kuleli bhizinisi zizosala ngaphandle zenza ama-CAD, amashidi e-Excel nezinhlelo ze-CRM ezivaliwe. Amabhizinisi okufanele ahlanganiswe yilawo angekho ngaphansi komjikelezo wokuphila wendabuko we-Architecture, Engineering, Construction and Operation (AECO); lezo ezilawula eminye imisebenzi yomuntu ngaphansi kwendlela yezomnotho yezomnotho, njengokukhiqiza, uhulumeni we-elekthronikhi, izinsizakalo zezenhlalakahle, ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke ukuphathwa kwamandla nezisetshenziswa zemvelo.

I-GIS izohlanganiswa ne-BIM ngaphansi kombono we-Smart Cities. Njengamanje bacishe bahlanganiswa ekubanjweni kwedatha nokumodela, kepha kubonakala sengathi basenemibono ehlukile; Isibonelo, ukumodeliswa kwengqalasizinda akuwona umthwalo we-GIS, kepha kukhethekile kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni nasekumodelini kwezinto zendawo, ekuqageleni kwezimo, ekuphathweni kwemithombo yemvelo nakuwo wonke uhla lwesayensi yomhlaba. Uma sibheka ubukhulu besithupha (6D) ukuthi ngezikhathi zamadolobha ahlakaniphile, ukubala amanani, ukusebenzisa, ukusebenzisa kabusha amandla nokukhiqiza amandla kuzobaluleka, lapho-ke kuzoba namandla adingekayo i-GIS manje ewenza ngokukhethekile okukhulu. Kepha ukuhlaziya umthamo wokukhiqiza amanzi endishi, ukwazi ukuthi kudingeka isivuno esingakanani kumamitha ayi-cubic kakhonkolo kunegebe elikhulu; okuzogcwaliswa kuze kube yilapho umsebenzi ufakwa njengomjikelezo owabiwe walezi zindlela ezimbili.

Esiphethweni.

Kuningi okusamele sikhulume ngakho, futhi ngibheke phambili ukuqhubeka nokuletha lokhu. Okwamanje, ochwepheshe be-Geo-Engineering basele nenselelo yokuzivumelanisa nokungahlehliseki nokufunda ezingeni lobuchwepheshe, ngoba kusabatshazwa ukuthi ngabe i-Roadmap yokuqalisa i-BIM ingenziwa ngaphandle kokuncika kwiQembu Elisebenzayo eliholayo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngoba i-BIM kufanele ibonwe ngezinhlangothi ezimbili: Eyokuqala yilezo zezinto okufanele zenziwe ezingeni lobuchwepheshe, elezemfundo, elokusebenza, ngenhloso yokusimama, bese ngokombono wohulumeni, abanolindelo ebangeni elifushane kakhulu. , bakhohlwe ukuthi amandla abo okulawula kaningi ahamba kancane kakhulu. Ngokwengeziwe, kulabo abasemadolobheni asebevele bacabanga ngamaSmart Cities, kuyaphuthuma ukuthi kube nokugxila kuzakhamizi, hhayi kubuchwepheshe.

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