Yeka ukuthi geomatician kufanele bazi mayelana standard LADM ukuphathwa komhlaba

I-LADM yaziwa njengezinga lokuphatha umhlaba (Land Administration Domain Model), elakwazi ukuba yi-ISO 19152 kusuka ku-2012.

Akuyona isoftware, kepha imodeli yomqondo eveza ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nomhlaba; ifanisa lokho okubonakala ezweni ngalinye kwehlukile futhi kukhethekile; kuyinqubo ebonakalayo yokuthile kuCadastre ka-2014 yathathwa njengokungaqondakali. Ifuna ukugwema ukuhlanganisa kabusha nokwenza kabusha imisebenzi efanayo ngesisekelo esinwebekayo futhi esenza kube lula ukuthi izikhungo zikwazi ukuxhumana nezinsizakalo eziqinisekisiwe kumongo wamazwe omhlaba.

Uqaphele ukuthi ama-geographer nabantu abaxhunywe ne-geomatics badinga ukwazi ukuhumusha amamodeli, senza lo msebenzi ukuze sichaze umsuka walesi simiso kusukela ngaleso sikhathi lapho kucatshangwa njengeCCDM.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi i-LADM, engxenyeni yokubhema kwayo elula, iphakamisa ukuthi ukuphathwa kwezwe ngumqondo ongaguquki ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, awukashintshi ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka:

Njalo kwakuqukethe ubudlelwano obukhona phakathi komuntu nomhlaba. Akunandaba ukuthi isiko lihlaziywa kanjani, umlando usikhombisa okufana nalokhu: Abantu, njengendaba ka-Adam no-Eva, abathi esimweni esifanayo bayizithunywa zokuphatha iNsimu yase-Edene, abanelungelo lokuba ngaphakathi, izibopho zalokho okukhona, nemikhawulo yokungadli emthini ongavunyelwe kanye nemithetho yokudliwa komhlaba uma kwenzeka ungayilandeli.

Lokho engadini manje ngokuthi izinto indawo (BAUnits) ephethe isilinganiso amalungelo (RRR) nalabatsintsekako, exhumene abantu (Party) by Umthombo futhi ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene umfanekiso inhlangano ngekwendzawo (Units Spacial).

Iqiniso liwukuthi njengoba izinhlelo zokuphathwa kwamalungelo ezakhiwo ziqhubeka, kunezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukuthi ezingeni lokubhalisa zazihlala zikhona kodwa lapho zilinde ukulingisa ukumelela kwazo, kunamacala afana nalokhu:

Umbhangqwana onobudlelwano bempahla obungu-60% - 40% obakha ifulethi 23 esitezi sesine sebhilidi, futhi lokho kufaka nelungelo lezindawo zokupaka ezimbili egumbini elingaphansi 4 nelungelo kwikhondomu nazo zonke izakhamizi kusuka esakhiweni kuye endaweni yokwamukela izivakashi ezingeni ngalinye nendawo yokosa inyama esitezi sesishiyagalombili. Ngokomthetho kulula, kubhalwe kuphela kodwa ake sizibuze ukuthi siyilingisa kanjani kwi-1D cadastre, noma okungenani ku-3 D.

Nge-LADM kufunwa ukuthi indlela yokumodela umqondo wokuphathwa kwamalungelo omhlaba kumathuluzi ekhompyutha iyafana. Ngoba ibhizinisi liyafana, liyahlukahluka ngezinga elincane, yilona eliphakathi nezinqubo ezicaciswe kakhulu yizwe noma isiyalo. Isiko elincane lokuphatha amamodeli lenza kubonakale sengathi i-LADM iyigagasi le-astral kuphela lososayensi bamakhompiyutha, mhlawumbe ngoba limodeliswa ku-UML kusuka emakilasini nakubudlelwano, noma kunjalo, umhloli ohlongozwayo kuphrojekthi uyingxenye yesibopho. I-2014 Cadastre: “Ukumodela bukhoma”.

Ngakho-ke, ngokuyisimiso se-semantics ye-geospatial, igxile emisebenzini esemqoka yokuphatha umhlaba:

•  Gcina Into - Isihloko - Ubudlelwano bomthetho buvuselelwa (P - RRR - RO)
• futhi unikeze ulwazi mayelana nalokhu irekhodi.

Imodeli futhi ifuna ukwenza lula ukumiswa kwengcindezi yezobuchwepheshe eyakha, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukunikezwa (i-Intanethi, imininingwane yolwazi yendawo, amamodeli afanayo, amalayisense emithombo evulekile kanye ne-GIS), ngakolunye uhlangothi, isidingo sezinsizakalo ezisizakala ngalobu buchwepheshe (uhulumeni elekthronikhi, intuthuko esimeme, imibhalo ye-elekthronikhi nokuhlanganiswa kwedatha yomphakathi nezinhlelo). Enye yezinzuzo ze-LADM ukuthi ingashintshwa ezweni ngalinye, kungakhathalekile umthetho wayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhungo kwe-cadastre nerejista, noma uhlobo lwethuluzi elizosetshenziselwa ukuzenzekelayo. Iphakamisa amakilasi ajwayelekile, futhi ukusuka lapho ungenza amakilasi aqondene nezwe kepha ekugcineni umqondo uyahambisana.

Ukunqoba omkhulu LADM ungaphakathi ngokuxhumanisa umzamo zezemfundo ngokusebenzisa Fig initiatives Standardization ezase zikhona kakade, ezifana Linz futhi LandXML-Australia / New Zealand, umtlamomgomo Land System baseMelika (ngaphambi FGDC), ukwabelana of standard of the European Commission of Science and Technology (I-COST), Ikomidi le-ISO / TC211 le-OGC futhi ikakhulukazi ukunxenxa ezindaweni ezinomthelela omkhulu. Futhi ukuthi into enzima ukuyenza esezingeni ukubekwa noma ukuvuselelwa kwalokho abanye asebevele bekhethekile.

Umlando omncane

La Fig wazalwa ngonyaka we-2002, uzama ukulinganisa lo mzamo nokunxenxa izinhlelo ezisanda kwenziwa ezifana ne-Inspire kanye nomqondo we-IDE owabanjwa ngonyaka we-2003. Ngakho-ke, ngezinyathelo ezimbalwa i-LADM idlula ezikhathini ezehlukene zokwethula, ukuxoxa kanye nokuzivumelanisa Izinguqulo ezithathe igama lomuzi lapho bethulwe khona, zaze zaba yi-ISO 19152 ka-2012:

•  Ngomhla ka-Ephreli we-2002 kungenzeka ukuthi kwenziwe okuthile kuphakanyiswa okokuqala.
• Ngo-September we-2002 inguqulo ye-1 ifakwe ku-OGC okuthiwa i-Noordwijk, bese ku-Delft ku-COST Workshop.
• NgoMashi 2003 uhlobo 2 olubizwa ngeParis, ngawo lowo nyaka ku-FIG futhi ngalolu suku i-OGC imemezela i-LPI
• NgoSepthemba 2003 inguqulo 3 ebizwa ngeBrno ikhishwa ePoland. Kuleli suku, kungezwe izandiso ze-3D multipurpose cadastre. Kwethulwa nase-European Land Information Service EULIS.
• Ku-2004 inguqulo ye-4 ebizwa nge-Bamberg, ifakwe ezenzakalweni ze-FIG eJalimane naseKenya.
• Ngo-2005 inguqulo yesi-5 yabizwa ngeCairo, emcimbini we-FIG eGibhithe. Ngaleso sikhathi, amazinga aphethwe yi-OGC ngeKomidi le-ISO / TC 211 asehlanganisiwe; Yize leli komiti lishicilele izindinganiso ezingaphezu kuka-50 ezithakazelisa kakhulu emkhakheni we-geomatic, i-LADM ithatha ezimbili kusuka lapha: iGeometry neTopology). Futhi ngalolu suku iba yimininingwane yedatha ye-Inspire's cadastral.
• Ku-2006 inguqulo yesi-6 ebizwa ngokuthi iMoscow yethulwa, okuyiyona nguqulo esikhulume ngayo ku-Geofumadas esihlokweni esithi “imodeli ejwayelekile ye-cadastre“. Lokhu sekuvele kufaka i-RRR yokwakha futhi Ingxenye yephasela ichazwa ekilasini elihlukile elinsomi.

Kusuka ku-2006 kuya ku-2008 umzamo ugxile ekugunyazeni njengendlela evamile.

• Ngomhla ka-Okthoba we-2006 i-1.0 Version isivele ihanjiswe nakuba yilolo suku luthiwa i-CCDM (Isizinda Esiyinhloko Cadastral Domain).

Inqubo yokuguqula ibe yizinga le-ISO, ngokusebenzisa imihlangano ehlukene yokuxoxisana, ukwandiswa kanye nencazelo ethize yamahlumela; Iphela ku-2012 ngedokhumenti ye-PhD ye-Chrit Lemmen ku-2012.

Luselude ukhalo okusamele luhanjwe, amazwe amaningi asevele alisebenzisile izinga, yize kuningi okusamele kwenziwe. Ngemuva kwalomzamo wokwenza imigomo ebekiwe, inqubo yokuqalisa nokusebenza kokufika seyenzekile, lapho ukuxhumana kwenziwe khona ne-JRC (Joint Research Center of European Commission) kanye ne-UN-HABITAT (United Nations Agency for Human Settlements) ezosetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi kuxhunyaniswe nokuphathwa kwendawo. Ngalokhu, izibonelo ezenziwe ngokomzimba sezibonakele emazweni ahlukene, icala le-STDM (Social Tenure Domain Model) elivelele, elibhekwa njengolwenzelwe i-LADM, engxenyeni ye-FAO kukhona iFlossola naseHonduras uhlobo lwe-SIGIT manje olufuna ukukala lube yi-SINAP.

Incazelo yesibonelo

Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sihloko ukuthi sizama ukuqonda umsuka we-LADM ngokususelwa kuhlelo lokuqhafaza. Ngizama ukusebenzisa imibala efana nezigaba zemodeli, esevele isezingeni eligunyaziwe ihlukanisa ingxenye esemthethweni ephuzi, umuntu oluhlaza, izinto eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, indawo ebomvana ngombala opinki kanye netopoloji ngokunsomi. Impela ukuthi ukusebenzisa izithonjana kuzosilethela ubudlelwano ngokuhlangana kepha ngiyaphikelela; kufanele sifunde ukuqonda amamodeli. Ukuhambisa ngaphezulu kwezinto kukhombisa incazelo yazo.

Izinhlangano eziyinhloko.

Lolu hlelo luqala ngobuhlobo phakathi kwezikhungo ezintathu eziyinhloko:

• Iqembu elithakazelisayo (Isihloko), ejwayelekile echazwa njengePhathi
• Umthetho womthetho, okwenzeka kulokhu kuthatha umqondo we-archaic wesakhiwo se-cadastral futhi uwuthathe endaweni yendawo. Ngokwezinga elibizwa nge-BAUnit, kanye ne-Space Spatial Unit geometry.
• Kulungile, ubuhlobo obuxhumanisa umuntu nento, ku-standard echazwe njenge-RRR.

Imodeli ibaxhumanisa ngomthombo (Umthombo). Lokhu kungaba yidokhumentari noma okuyiqiniso; kuyiqiniso nje. Amanye amacala angaba khona:

• Akukhona kuphela ukuthi kukhona umnikazi, kodwa liyizindlalifa, omunye wabo uboshiwe ngokuphila,
• Isakhiwo sinecebo, kodwa sephepheni futhi asinayo i-georeference,
• Ukwahlukaniswa komhlaba bekungakacaci, kepha ngamaphesenti omthetho kuphela ... omunye wabafowethu usevele wathengisa ilungelo lakhe kwabanye abantu abane,
• Lesi sabelo sithengisiwe sinombhoshongo wocingo lweselula onokufinyelela kwe-servidurmbre,
• Ingxenye yesakhiwo isithintekile endaweni evikelekile enohulumeni okhethekile,
• Omunye wabazalwane usemncane, ngakho-ke umelwe ngokusemthethweni ngumama wakhe oyisitabane ...

Ukuthi ikhona noma cha imephu, esemthethweni noma cha, noma ngabe iyahambisana yini nezinqubo, kuyinto ekhona ekhona. Ngakho-ke, i-LADM iyakwamukela ukuthi iqiniso liqoshwe ngendlela elawulwayo, okukhombisa isimo somzimba nesomthetho.

Iqembu elithakazelisayo (Iqembu)

Qaphela ukuthi lapha "isihloko" esilula sinwetshelwe kubantu abahlukene abahililekile ekuthengiseni. Ngakho sine:

• Umuntu ngamunye
• Inhlangano esemthethweni, njengokungathi kwesikhungo noma inkampani
• Ukuqoqwa kwabantu, njengesizinda seqembu lendabuko, inhlangano, iqembu elihle, njll.
• Umuntu noma isikhungo esiqinisekisa ilungelo, njengecala lommeli
• Umuntu noma isikhungo esiqinisekisa ukuthi i-mortgage, njengebhange noma icala lezezimali
• Umuntu owenza idokhumenti yokulinganisa, njengomcwaningi.

 Ubuhlobo bamalungelo (RRR)

Lapha, ku-cadastre yendabuko kwakuwuhlobo oluthile lokuhlala. Kepha imodeli iyanwetshwa ukuze kuguqulwe izimo ezahlukahlukene ezingaba khona zobudlelwano bomthetho nemithwalo yezokuphatha:

• I-mortgage noma i-link
• Izithinta, okungenzeka kube yiZithibelo, Izimfanelo kanye Nemithwalo yemfanelo.
• Ubuhlobo bomnikazi nomthombo.

Into yokulungile

Lapha kunezigaba ezahlukahlukene zamakilasi, kepha konke kuqala ngokuyisisekelo kusuka entweni ebizwa ngeyunithi yokuphatha (BAUnit). Bona ukuthi lokhu kungukukhishwa kwento, noma sinemephu noma idokhumenti noma cha.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi empeleni kukhona into, ezobhalwa kancane kancane, kodwa i-BAUnit iqala lapho futhi okokuqala kunezimo "ezingezona i-georeferenced":

• Into engasigxina, okungukuthi, yini engasuswa esakhiweni, njengokwendlu yeselula, i-antenna yocingo, njll.
• Isihlonzi sesisekelo sangasese
• Idokhumenti engekho-geo ekhonjisiwe
• Ikheli elibonakalayo elikhomba indlu ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo, futhi lokhu kungase kube ngaphezu kwezinga lokuhlala ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo.

Khona-ke kukhona i-BAUnits enokuhlonza indawo, phakathi kwalaba ingaba:

• Iphasela elingahlelekile (ingxenye yephasela), okungaba iphuzu, isethi yamaphoyinti nemingcele.
• Isakhiwo esakhiwe, okungaba yunithi, noma eziningana ngokuphathelene nomunye oyedwa.

Enye yezinzuzo zokwamukela imodeli ye-LADM ukuthi ayikho idatha enganakwa, ayikho i-cadastre enhle noma embi, kuphela iqiniso elimele. Amayunithi okuphatha akhona futhi angathuthukisa ukunemba kusuka ku:

•  Isisekelo sabakhokhi bentela bomasipala abashoyo kuphela izitatimende ezifungisiwe ezigcinwe ku-Excel.
• Kamuva bangaba nesixhumanisi, nokuthi i-cadastre enezinhlamvu iyisisombululo sokuqala kodwa esisebenzayo.
• Khona-ke ungahle uhlele, kepha hhayi ngokucacile okuphezulu.

Yonke into ivala ekuhlonzweni kwendawo yesakhiwo, ngamazinga ahlukene okumelwa ngesizathu esilula "empeleni ongokoqobo into eyodwa kuphela". Kubalulekile futhi ukuthi akubonakali umthetho wangasese kuphela, kodwa futhi nomthetho womphakathi, njengasendaweni evikelekile noma izinhlangano zendawo ezichazwe emithethweni ehlukene njengendawo yezikhukhula ezithinta amaphasela.

Izethulo zento.

Lolu uchungechunge lwamakilasi akhethekile avumela ukuchazwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezethulo zezinto ezifanayo, yingakho zixhunywe kumthombo.

Okubalulekile lapha ukuthi i-unit unit yokukala iyiphuzu, okuwumsebenzi womhloli wamazwe. Izimo ezahlukahlukene ze-2D ne-3D zinemininingwane.

Endabeni yobukhulu obubili, iphoyinti, bese umngcele ku-arc-node Relationship bese kuba umumo ku-geometry evaliwe. Okufanayo kukhona kwe-3D yize nali elinye icala elilodwa eliyinto ye-3D engakhiwa ubuso.

Ukuxhunyaniswa kokumelelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kusetshenziswa umthombo, kucatshangwa ukuthi kuyohlale kukhona idokhumenti echaza ukucaca okukhulu okungeke kuhanjiswe esakhiweni se-cadastral njengengxenye yomongo.

Ekuphetheni, i-LADM iyindinganiso okufanele yaziwe. Kuyinto ebonakalayo yezinto ezibonakalayo eziphakanyiswe ku-2014 Cadastre esivele sifikile kuyo; yize kube nempumelelo eminingi engxenyeni yezobuchwepheshe neyezemfundo enezinselelo eziningi engxenyeni yezikhungo neyejwayelekile.