Ukuphathwa kweprojekthi: phakathi kwezinselelo umlingisi womphakathi ongafundile ekilasini

Lapho uqeda iziqu futhi waphothula njengonjiniyela, ukugcwaliseka kwenye yezinhloso ezisungulwa yibo bonke abafundi lapho beqala izifundo zabo zaseyunivesithi kuyahlanganiswa. Okubaluleke nakakhulu uma umsebenzi ophetha ngokuthile usendaweni oyithandayo. Ubunjiniyela bezobunjiniyela wumsebenzi minyaka yonke okhuthaza izinkulungwane zabafundi ukuthi babhalise emanyuvesi ngethemba lokuthi lapho beqeda izifundo zabo bazoba nenkundla ebanzi yomsebenzi lapho bezothuthukisa khona amakhono abo nawobungcweti; ngoba ihlanganisa ukutadisha, iphrojekthi, umkhombandlela, ukwakhiwa kanye nokuphathwa kwemisebenzi kula magatsha alandelayo: indle izikhumulo zezindiza, njll.), ama-hydraulic (ama-dikes, amadamu, amapayipi, imisele, njll.), kanye nokwakheka (ukuhlelwa kwedolobha, izindlu, izakhiwo, izindonga, imigudu, njll.).

Ukuphathwa kwamaphrojekthi wezokwakha kungenye yezindlela zokuthi nsuku zonke kuheha onjiniyela abaningi bezomnotho ukuthi bazinikele kulo mkhakha wobungcweti, nalabo abanesibindi sokuqondisa amaphrojekthi bengazilungiselele, bagcina behlushwa imiphumela futhi bebona ukuthi ekilasini laseyunivesithi akulona lonke ulwazi oludingekayo olunikezwa ukubhekana nenselelo yalesi silinganiso.

Ukuze uphumelele ekuphathweni kwephrojekthi yokwakha, umuntu kufanele abe nolwazi olunzulu ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zolwazi kanye neminyaka eminingi yesipiliyoni, noma kunjalo, kudingeka amakhono angeziwe angafundwa ekilasini, njengezici ezihlobene ngokuhlakanipha ngokomzwelo kanye nokwakhiwa kobudlelwano phakathi kwabantu.

Iphrojekthi ngumzamo ohleliwe, wesikhashana futhi oyingqayizivele, owenziwe ukwakha imikhiqizo noma amasevisi akhethekile afaka inani noma enze ushintsho oluzuzayo. Wonke amaphrojekthi ahlukile futhi ngamunye wabo uveza izimo nezinselele ezidinga ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuhlakanipha ukuze ukwazi ukuxazulula ngendlela engcono kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, wonke umuntu oqala ekulawulweni kwephrojekthi uye ngasekuqaleni iphrojekthi yakhe yokuqala, futhi lapha sizozama ukukubonisa amathiphu wokuthi ungabhekana kanjani nendlela engcono kakhulu.

Iseluleko esihle kakhulu esingasinikeza onjiniyela bezokwakha abahlela ukuzinikela empilweni yabo yobungcweti endaweni yokuphathwa kwamaphrojekthi, ukuthi kufanele baqale ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphothula iziqu ukujulisa ulwazi lwabo lwethiyori kule ndaba futhi indlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza iziqu ze-master, iziqu noma uthathe izifundo ezikhethekile kule ndaba. IProject Management Institute (PMI), inhlangano engenzi nzuzo futhi engenye yezinhlangano ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, enamalungu ayisigamu sesigidi aqinisekisiwe ekuphathweni kwephrojekthi emazweni angaphezu kwe-150, iyindlela eyinhloko yokuqala ukufunda yokuphathwa kwamaphrojekthi ngamazinga ayo kanye nezitifiketi zayo, ezaziwa umhlaba wonke, futhi zayalwa emhlabeni jikelele ngemiphakathi esebenzisana. Ungathola imininingwane eminingi mayelana nezitifiketi ze-PMI kuwebhusayithi yabo:  www.pmi.org. Okunye okukhethwa kukho emhlabeni jikelele kungabuyekezwa kuwebhusayithi: www.master-maestrias.com. Lapho izinketho ezingama-44 zeziqu ze-master ekuphathweni kwephrojekthi zikhonjisiwe, emazweni ahlukene. Ezinye zalezi zifundo zingathathwa ngokushesha futhi cishe, njengoba kwenzeka Isifundo Sokuqeqeshwa Kweprojekthi (PMP).

Ukuze ubhekane nale phrojekthi yokuqala, okuyinto evame ukuba yinto encane, siphakamisa ukucabangela lezi zici ezilandelayo:

• Buyekeza, funda futhi uphenye kahle futhi ngokuningiliziwe mayelana nendaba yephrojekthi, unomthwalo wemfanelo njengomphathi futhi kufanele wenze izinqumo ezibalulekile zobuchwepheshe phakathi nonke ukuphathwa. Ekupheleni kwalesi sigaba kufanele wazi yonke inqubo yokwakhiwa kanye nobubanzi ngokwezindleko, isikhathi kanye nekhwalithi edingekayo ukuyiqedela ngokugcwele.
• Lungiselela izinhloso nezinhloso zakho. Yini ekulindeleke kule phrojekthi? Yini ekulindeleke kubaphathi bakho? Ziyini izinzuzo zenkampani?
• Sebenzisa isikhathi esiningi ekuqaleni komsebenzi ukuze uhlele ukuthi izinto zizokwenzeka kanjani, cela ithimba lakho lomsebenzi ukuthi uthole imibono ekwakheni ububanzi, isimiso, isabelomali kanye nokuhlonza ingozi.
• Yazi iqembu, lalela izidingo zabo. Abantu abasebenza ngokujabula, bazosebenzisa amandla abo okugcwele ukuze benze umsebenzi wabo ngangokunokwenzeka.
• Hlanganisa ithimba lakho. Ngezinga abantu abazizwa bekhonjiswe nalo msebenzi, bazoba nomkhiqizo ongcono.
• Lawula iphrojekthi. Chaza imihlangano yesikhathi esilandelayo, lapho ulawula ukukwenziwa kwemisebenzi, ukusetshenziswa kwemali yesabelomali, abantu, izingozi kanye nanoma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka okungase kuphakame.
• Gcina amaqembu anentshisekelo aziswa. Umthinteli othintekayo ongazange aziswe ngesikhathi esifanele angenza izinqumo ezingalungele abaphathi bawo, kubalulekile ukuba bazise futhi baneliseke.
• Uma kuphakama izinkinga noma uma iphrojekthi yakho ingabonisi imigomo esemqoka, ungaphelelwa ithemba. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi uphatha kanjani izimo. Buyekeza imbangela yenkinga, sebenzisa izinyathelo zokulungisa ezifanele, uphathe izinguquko ezidingekayo ezinhlelweni, wazise amaqembu anesithakazelo ngalesi simo futhi uqhubeke nabaphathi.

Ukuphathwa kweprojekthi kungachazwa njengesiyalo sokuhlela nokulawula izinsiza, ngendlela yokuthi iphrojekthi enikeziwe igcwaliswe ngokuphelele phakathi kwezinkinga zokuhamba, isikhathi kanye nezindleko eziphakanyisiwe ekuqaleni. Ngakho-ke, kuhilela ukuqhuba uchungechunge lwemisebenzi, edla izinsiza ezifana nesikhathi, imali, abantu, izinto, amandla, ukuxhumana (phakathi kwabanye) ukufezekisa izinhloso ezichazwe ngaphambilini.

Ngokusekelwe kule ncazelo yokuphathwa kwephrojekthi, izindawo ezidingekayo zolwazi ukuthi umphathi omuhle kufanele abe nazo ukuze enze umsebenzi wabo ngokucacile zichazwe futhi zenziwe, futhi ziyizi:

• Ukuhlanganiswa nobubanzi beprojekthi: le ndawo ifingqa ngamagama amabili: umkhankaso nombono. Imenenja yephrojekthi kufanele icaciswe mayelana nobubanzi bephrojekthi ngokwemigomo nangezikhathi, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, ngokuphathelene nomthelela. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwepulani nokulawulwa kwezinguquko. Ngalokhu kufanele wazi izici ezithile zobuchwepheshe nezakhayo zokwenza umsebenzi.
• Ukulinganisa izikhathi nezikhathi zokugcina: Lokhu kusebenza kuhilela ukulungiswa kwesimiso lapho imisebenzi ehleliwe isethwe khona, izikhathi zokubulawa kanye nezinsiza ezitholakalayo ngayinye. Umphathi wephrojekthi kumele akwazi ukusebenzisa izinhlelo nezinhlelo ezisetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa amahlelo omsebenzi, isibonelo i-Microsoft Project, Primavera, njll.
• Ukuphathwa kwezindleko: Umphathi wephrojekthi omuhle kufanele aphathe izindleko ezithile kanye nezindleko ngomsebenzi odlule wokuhlela izinsiza (kokubili abantu, impahla, imishini nabachwepheshe).
• Ukuphathwa kwekhwalithi: yimisebenzi edingekayo ukuze kusebenze izenzo ezivumela ukuhlola ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo, amasevisi noma okuqukethwe nokuqeda zonke lezo zithiyo ezivimbela ukufinyelela ezingeni eliphakeme lokwaneliseka. Ukufeza lo mkhono umphathi kumele azi imithetho yezobuchwepheshe nekhwalithi esebenza emvelweni lapho ukwakhiwa kwenziwa khona.
• Ukuphathwa kwemithombo yabantu: lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuqashwa kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwabo nokuphathwa kwezikhuthazo; kanye nomqondo wokwenza izinqumo ezandisa izinga lokukhiqiza nokuzibophezela kwalabo abathintekayo kule phrojekthi.
• Ukuphathwa kobudlelwane: umphathi wephrojekthi naye unesibopho sokulungiselela ubuhlobo nohlelo lokuxhumana oluvumelana nezidingo zaleso simo ngasinye. Ipulani kumele ihlolisise ukusatshalaliswa kolwazi, uketshezi kwalo kanye nokudalulwa kwesimo sesigaba ngasinye sephrojekthi, kusukela kokuqala kuya ekuhambisweni kokugcina.
• Ukuphathwa kobungozi: Le ndawo yolwazi ihlobene ekukhombeni izinsongo ukuthi angase abhekane iqembu ngasiphi isigaba kokusebenza, kanye nokuphathwa lezi zingozi, kungaba nokunciphisa imiphumela yabo noma Goal ukukhinyabezeka kwayo.

Ekugcineni nokwenganye ingenye yezinselele ezinkulu abhekene unjiniyela civil ekuphileni kwakhe professional, okuyinto engakaze uzilungiselele ngokugcwele ekilasini, ngakho konke professional omuhle owenza isinqumo sokuzinikezela Kulesi siyalo, kufanele wenze isinqumo sokuzilungiselela kuzo zonke izindawo zolwazi oludingekayo ukuze ube ngumphathi wephrojekthi omuhle kakhulu.