cadastreOkufakiweegeomates yamitopografia

I-cadastre encike enjongweni enembile - ukuthambekela, ukusebenzisana, inqubo, noma umbhedo?

Kukhona nge-2009 I echaza ukuhlelwa kwe-systematization ye- ukuguquka kweCadastre kamasipala, okuyilo logic yayo yemvelo ephakamisa intuthuko phakathi kwezizathu zokuthi kungani i-cadastre ilamukela ngezinhloso zentela ngendlela engavamile, futhi ukuthi lokho kudinga ukuhlanganisa idatha, abalingisi kanye nobuchwepheshe kuthatha ukuhlanganiswa kokuqukethwe.

Ngonyaka wezi-2014, i-Cadastre 2034 iveze ukuthi ukuvela kombono wesihloko esithi "Cadastre", lapho ukutholakala okuphelele kukamasipala, isifunda noma izwe, kubaluleke kakhulu kunokuba nokunemba, kucatshangelwa ukuthi idatha izopheleliswa kancane kancane. . Okuthile okufana nendlela yami yangaleyo minyaka, kulokho esasikubiza ngokuthi "ukuphathwa kokuqukethwe" sisebenzisa "ukuphathwa kwe-geomatic".

Kuyafaneleka ngenhloso: Ithenda?

Enye igrafu ethathwa Yiqiniso wami wokugcina Land Management CIAF Colombia, futhi ibonisa indlela Ngokuzayo cadastre 2034 waphakamisa iqhaza zabasebenzisi kubuyekezwa idatha ngesikhathi sangempela futhi zokuhlanganisa Imininingwane ngobuciko kushintshwe ngenhloso

Futhi kungenxa yokuthi iColombia izoba umshayeli wokuzivocavoca okuncishisiwe lapho singahlola khona lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "i-fit for purpuse" i-Cadastre, ngokudumazeka okwenziwe e-Afrika futhi lokho kubonakala kuyisinengiso esimweni lapho indlela, ukunemba kanye nezinqubo sezibaluleke kakhulu kunomsebenzisi ngokwakhe.

Sizobona futhi ukudumala kokwenza "i-cadastre engacacile" endaweni lapho sekuvele kunesihloko; okuzoba ngaphezu kokuthakazelisa.

En I-GIM International ishicilelwe i-athikili ethakazelisa kakhulu mayelana ne-Cadastre "elungiswe kumongo". Njengoba kungase kubonakale kuhlanya, ukuhlolwa kwensimu okwenziwe eKenya kufaka phakathi izici ezingazange zihlangane ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo ngaphambili: Izinkampani Zikahulumeni, Ubuchwepheshe kanye Nomphakathi.
Nakuba kuyiqiniso, ngokusho kwabalobi balo, le nhloko yokuqala yinto 'yokufunda okuhlangenwe nakho' lapho 'ukuhlolwa okuphelele okumele kwenziwe khona ukukhombisa ukungahambi kwalendlela', kubonakala sengathi lesi sinyathelo sokuqala Endleleni ethi 'kanjani', umsebenzi ofanayo ungenziwa ngokuphumelelayo futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke kuhlanganiswe. Isibonelo esingase sichazwe kamuva, sesicacile ukujwayela kumongo ngamunye.
Ngokushesha ufika engqondweni yomongo waseLatin America neyinkinga enkulu. izingxabano kuphi lapho kuthiwa yomdabu yemvelo elwa mayelana nokwamukelwa emazweni lokhokho babo, imiphakathi dengwane ukuthi zibahlasele ezisemadolobheni (ngokuthi 'ngokwethukela') noma ubunikazi phakathi kwezinye izimo, naphezu odala imizamo inconywe, zonke Kubonakala sengathi kubonisa ukuthi intuthuko yenzeka kancane kancane futhi inkani yokucacisa ifuna ukubeka phambili ezindaweni zasemadolobheni.

Njengomngane wami wasePeruvia uthi, Nan, 'Ngemuva sonke sitshela indaba efanayo ngokuphindaphindiwe'. Hhayi ngoba singongqondongqondo, kepha ngoba lezi zinto zithobela kuphela umqondo olula ovamile. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi omunye wabalobi be-athikili ngu Christian Lemmen, okwathi ngalowo nyaka ka-2009 ngabhala leso sihloko "idatha ku-cadastre", kubhekiselwa kulokho okube wusizo kithi eHonduras kusukela ngo-2003 kulokho okubizwa nge-"Core Cadastre Domain Model", isandiso salokho esikwazi namuhla ngokuthi "Imodeli Yesizinda Sokulawulwa Komhlaba". Nakuba leyo nguqulo ebizwa ngokuthi i-Lemmen CCDM ishintshiwe lapho iphuma njenge-ISO 19152, ubulula abuzange bushintshe, njengoba kuxoxwe ngezibalo ezintathu eziyinhloko zemodeli.

Izinga LADM inikeza bonanzas ukuthi kungenzeka ukuba uke waphathwa kabi le njongo, kodwa-ke, ingabe zikhona kwaphakamisa izimpikiswano ezifana yokuthi icebo ngimbone njengoba imodeli (hhayi ibalazwe) lingavuswa ngokusebenzisa izindlela non-eqondile futhi ukupheleliswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngokulawula izimfanelo ezichaza ikhwalithi yayo, ukucaca nokuhambisana.

Ifanele ngenhloso: Synergy?

Ngaphambi kokuqhubekela phambili ukufingqa okuhlangenwe nakho eKenya, ngingathanda ukunaka emgqeni wokuqala wabalobi:

"Izindlela ezifanele zokuphatha umhlaba eKenya ziye zavivinywa, zigxile ekunikezeni iziqu zomhlaba ezifakwe kubo bonke ngendlela engabizi, esheshayo futhi 'enhle'. Inhloso ukuthi isifingqo singabhalwa ngokuthi: 'Ukuhlinzeka ngezihloko zomhlaba, okubandakanya bonke abadlali kule nqubo ukuze bafinyelele umphumela onokwethenjelwa futhi ongabazayo ngokushesha'. Indlela abayifinyelela ngayo iba yisisusa sokuhlaziywa kwethu kwamanje.

Isayithi abakhethiwe abenguMesiya esiFundeni Makueni eKenya, isivivinyo owenziwa Institution of wemihlaba ngaphansi kwezwe iKenya, Ministry kazwelonke Namazwe, Wezezindlu Nokuthuthukiswa Kwamadolobha ngokuhlangana ne-Ministry of Amazwe, Mines kanye Physical Planning County de Makueni, ngokubambisana eduze nabahlinzeki be-software ne-hardware esetshenziselwa le njongo.
Njengoba iphuzu lokuqala ezibalulekile siqokomisa ukunakwa ejensi kahulumeni ngase ithimba ochwepheshe (baseKenya wemihlaba futhi imishini yobuchwepheshe Kadaster International) nokungelona olandelwayo uhlobo kuphela kodwa besihambisana nesiminyaminya Kunalo- ukuzimisela ufuna ukufunda ngesidingo, ukubaluleka kanye nemithelela yephrojekthi okuyinto sabonakala (e amazwi abalobi) e "izingxoxo olunzulu lokuphathwa indlela: iqhaza, izinga, izindleko, ukusebenza isikhathi, isidingo monumentar vertices, ukunemba kuqhathaniswa Ukusabalala , njl. "Bese bangezelela isithakazelo sikaNgqongqoshe weZwe kaZwelonke kanye nokulandelwa kukaNgqongqoshe Wezwe okwenziwe ngokuhlolwa.
Iphuzu lesibini elibalulekile. Ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi wonke ekuthuthukiseni umsebenzi. Abalobi unganqikazi lokugcizelela: ". I iqhaza omphakathi kuyisisekelo impumelelo" Lanezela ukuthi, njengoba ucwaningo cadastral wafuna usizo omakhelwane, amalungu omndeni, njll, abadala batshelwa kusengaphambili kanye nezakhamuzi ukuze "kuqinisekiswe ukuqwashisa nokubandakanyeka kwazo zonke izinhlangano"; okuyinto kubonisa ukuthi indima ulwazi wagcwalisa injongo ngokuba kuqondakala ngokuthi "Wonke umuntu lungangamela inqubo emkhakheni." Futhi nje, idatha eqoqwe yadluliselwa GIS imvelo okusekelwe efwini, noma ubani alandele inqubo , ukudala uhlobo 'lokubamba iqhaza'.

Kwadingeka ukuthi kutholwe kafushane ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu nomhlaba, kokubili impahla esemthethweni nengakahleleki, okuhlanganisa lapha kokubili ukuphatha kanye nokuhlala komhlaba. Izimangalo nokungqubuzana nakho kwakudingeka kubonakale, njengoba kwakubalulekile ukuthi iziphathimandla zithole umbono ophelele wamayunithi noma imingcele yasemkhathini eyingxabano. Le “mephu yezingxabano” iyindawo yokuqala yokweseka izinqubo zokuxazulula izingxabano. Uhlale ukhumbula ukukhiqizwa kwemodeli yendlela kazwelonke engasekelwa umphakathi ohlolayo.
Uma kwenzeka izingxabano zendawo, labo abathintekayo kudingeka 'bavumelane' kokubili endaweni ephikisanayo nasendaweni yabo. Njengobe ngesikhathi senqubo yokwabiwa enkundleni, ukuqoqwa kwezinto ezidalwa phakathi kwama-polygons akhiqizwayo, 'kuphekwe' ukuze iziphathimandla ezihambelanayo zikwazi indawo ngqo kanye nohlobo lwezingxabano ezikhona.

Ukuhlolwa komphakathi kanye nezinye izinqubo ezivamile (ngokuvamile ezenziwa ngumkhandlu wendawo) zivame ukuqhutshwa emihlanganweni yedolobha ngokubambisana nabesithathu abasethembekile. Lapho, amalungu omphakathi ahlangana ukuze abone yonke idatha eqoqwe ebalazweni, axoxe futhi abuyisane nemiphumela. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwensimu, idatha eveziwe iqinisekiswe ngokuzwakalayo ngumphakathi.

Kuyafaneleka ngenhloso: I-Technique?

Ubuchwepheshe obusetshenzisiwe

Imvelo yokuklama isekelwe kwisicelo se-ESRI sokuphatha ukuqoqwa kwedatha. Lokhu kwasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganiswa ne-submetric ukucacisa idivayisi ye-GPS ye-Trimble, eyasebenzisa uxhumano lwe-Bluetooth. Lezi zihamba kahle kakhulu endaweni yezintaba ngenxa yesisindo sabo esincane. Idivayisi ephathekayo ye-GPS idinga isibonakaliso sokulungiswa kokuphazamiseka kwemoya yezimpawu ze-GPS futhi ukunemba kwe-sub-meter kwanele, ngakho-ke kulokhu -kungekho amadivaysi aphezulu okucacile ayadingeka.
Indlela yokulungisa inhloso yancoma ukusetshenziswa “kwemingcele ebonakalayo” ukuze kuhlonzwe ukunqunywa kwamalungelo omhlaba. Njengoba kunemingcele eminingi ebonakalayo ngokwemvelo emaphandleni aseKenya, abantu bendawo benza eminye imingcele ibonakale besebenzisa izitshalo zikasisa. Ngale ndlela yonke imingcele bekulula ukuyibona ensimini nasezithombeni zesathelayithi. Ngemva kokukhonjwa ensimini, imingcele ebonakalayo yadwetshwa kusetshenziswa ipensela noma "ngomdwebo wedijithali" kusetshenziswa amadivaysi e-GPS aphathwa ngesandla ezithombeni.

Ukuphathwa kwedatha

Emva kokuqoqwa kwedatha yasensimini, kwakudingeka ihlolwe ubuqotho futhi ilungiselelwe ukuhlolwa komphakathi okulandelayo. Kwakudingeka uhlelo lokubonisa idatha yendawo, ngokuyinhloko kubhekisela ekubalweni kwezindawo ezijwayelekile zemingcele ngokusekelwe komnikelo womakhelwane ohlangothini ngalunye lomkhawulo.

Inqubo ensimini

Umsebenzi wasensimini wenziwa ekudaleni konke ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu namanye amazwe akhona, kubandakanya ubunikazi bomhlaba obusemthethweni nabangakahleleki kanye nezicelo ezikhona. Abahlali kanye nabalimi bamenywa ukuba bahambe ngezindawo zezindawo zabo bese bekhomba izakhiwo zemingcele yabo besebenzisa i-antenna ye-GPS. Umphenyi wabhala lokho okubonwayo esebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza. Izithombe ze-satellite zendawo zaboniswa esikrinini sedivayisi yeselula ye-GPS. Data collection wawenziwa ngendlela edidiyelayo: azungezwe agcinwe njengoba ipholigoni avaliwe kuhlanganise uhlobo ilungelo amangalelwe yini umnikazi isithombe noma isicelo kusuka kanye umnikazi ikhadi isithombe ukuhlonza noma ummangali ingezwe. Isihlonzi sokuqala sasetshenziswa njengesihluthulelo sokuxhumanisa. Ukunemba awuzange esekelwe geometry, kodwa kunalokho bagxile ngokuxhumanisa idatha lubandlululo kanye nezokuphatha okungukuthi ukuxhumanisa abantu nge emapholigoni. Njengoba izakhamizi zazidingeke ukuthi zihlinzekele ubufakazi bokuthi ungubani, uhulumeni kwakudingeka amelelwe phansi. Lokhu kwakubaluleke kakhulu empumelelweni yale ndlela.

Kuyafaneleka ngenhloso: Ahluke?

Ukuhlolwa kwensimu eyenziwa eMakueni County kubonise ukuthi ukuqoqwa kwedatha yasendle kanye nokuphathwa kwedatha kungenziwa ngendlela edidiyelwe, iqhaza, esheshayo, engabizi futhi enokwethenjelwa. Abacwaningi ababili baqoqa idatha kwiziqephu ze-40 endaweni yamahora ayisithupha endaweni enentaba futhi imiphumela yamukelwa kahle. Kodwa-ke, ukumiswa kwezomthetho kanye nezikhungo kudinga ukunakekelwa ukuze kusetshenziswe indlela, futhi iningi labahlanganyeli lavuma ukuthi lidinga ukunakekelwa okungaphezulu ukuze wonke umuntu athole isenzo sazo.
Ekutholeni ukuhlolisisa kweziqephu isixhumanisi esinokwethenjelwa kuyadingeka ohlobo lokunene nomnikazi. Ngakho-ke, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kungenzeka ukubeka ama-beacons nokwenza ucwaningo olunembile kamuva, ngesikhathi sesigaba sokunakekela, esingenziwa ngabantu abanjalo.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi, ngalesi sikhathi, cishe ama-20% amaphakheji omhlaba eKenya ahloliwe (ngesimo esisodwa noma enye) futhi abhalisiwe. Izindleko zamanje zokwabiwa, ukuhlukanisa, ukuhlola, ukwabela nokurejista isakhiwo sehektare ezimbili eKenya cishe ingamakhulu angamakhulu amaRandi ngesakhiwo ngasinye. Ngokwezindleko eziphelele, kucacile ukuthi akukho ukutholakala okunikeziwe ukuthi lezi ziqephu zisacatshangelwa ukuthi zifakwe ebhalweni kumaphakathi we-15.000.000.
Imibuzo eminingi yayilokhu ixoxwa futhi isungulwe esikhathini esizayo. Phakathi kwazo indlela yokugcina nokuphatha idatha edidiyelwe. Sebenzisa ama-subset we-cadastral noma idatha yokubhalisa? Ngokufanayo, omunye umbuzo uhlobene nokugcinwa kwedatha, ingabe kufanele igcinwe ngokuphelele kwifomethi yedijithali noma kufanele ngabe imininingwane ephrintiwe yenziwe? Okunye okungase kube ukushiya ikhophi ephrintiwe yesithombe sesathelayithi ukuze igcinwe ngumphakathi wendawo.

Isiphetho

Akungabazeki ukuthi kusobala ukuthi lo mkhuba uzokhuthazwa ukusheshisa ukukalwa kwamalungelo alabo abaye bahlehliswa. Ukusebenzisana, okungenakuphikwa; kuleyo nhlanganisela okunikezwa ubuchwepheshe kanye ne-geolocation yangaphakathi yomphakathi. Ukuzijwayeza ngokuqinisekile kuzothuthukisa izindlela ezizofaka ihlazo kwabangakholwa bendabuko, kusetshenziswa izinhlelo ezinjenge-FLOSSOLA kumadivayisi eselula njengoba ukunemba nokulungiswa okwehlukile kuba ngentando yeningi. Isikhathi kuphela, ukwamukelwa kwamazinga nokuthobeka lapho ukhubekile kungakhombisa ukuthi akuwona umbhedo.

Ngiphakamisa ukuthi ngazi ngokwenzeka eColombia, nabashayeli bezindiza be-Multipurpose Cadastre. Lapho inhlanganisela ye-LADM, ilungele inhloso, i-INTERLIS kanye nomqondo ovulekile kungaba izithako ze-geofumada enephunga elingaziwa abaseYurophu, ngoba izidingo zabo maqondana nobunikazi bomhlaba zihluke ngokuphelele kulezo zomongo wethu emazweni izindlela zokuthuthuka, noma njengoba umlawuli ekubeka: kungaphansi kokuphathwa.

Golgi Alvarez

Umbhali, umcwaningi, uchwepheshe wamamodeli wokuphathwa komhlaba. Ubambe iqhaza ekucabangeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamamodeli afana nalawa: Isistimu Kazwelonke Yokulawulwa Kwezakhiwo i-SINAP e-Honduras, Imodeli Yokuphatha Yomasipala Abahlangene e-Honduras, Imodeli Edidiyelwe Yokuphathwa Kwe-Cadastre - Registry e-Nicaragua, Uhlelo Lokuphatha lwe-Territory SAT e-Colombia. . Umhleli webhulogi yolwazi lwe-Geofumadas kusukela ngo-2007 futhi umdali we-AulaGEO Academy ehlanganisa izifundo ezingaphezu kwe-100 ngezihloko ze-GIS - CAD - BIM - Digital Twins.

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