I-AutoCAD-AutoDeskUkulandaMicrostation-Bentleytopografia

Dala izinkomba bhokisi amabanga kusuka UTM izixhumanisi

Lokhu okuthunyelwe kusabela ku-Diego, eParaguay osenza umbuzo olandelayo:

Kungijabulisa ukunibingelela ... isikhashana edlule ngiseseshini yokuthi ngithole ngokungafanele kuwebhusayithi yakho futhi ngikuthole kuthakazelisa kakhulu, kokubili ngokuqukethwe nangendlela emnandi yokuxhumana nesayensi yakho. Ngithanda ukukubuza, uma ngabe usazi noma isiphi iskripthi, noma noma yisiphi uhlaka I-Excel ukungisiza ukwenza okulandelayo: Ngiye ngafaka i-CAD i-polygon ngamaphuzu ayo okubonakala kahle, futhi nge-UTM ehambelana nayo. Angikwazi kahle ukuthekelisa ukuba txt ukufunda okukhulunywa excel.Mi: kokwazi UTM idatha 1 ... N amaphuzu, kungenzeka ukuthola idatha zonyaka, izinkomba kanye amabanga okungukuthi ukuthi kusukela Imininingwane engiwenzela? , iphuzu i-1 ine-X ... ye-And ..., futhi uyazi ukuthi iphuzu i-2 ine-X ... Futhi ...; INGABE Ungangitshela ukuthi i-DISTANCE EYAFANELE KANYE NABASEBENZI BAKHO? ukuze ulungiselele ifomu elihambisanayo ngokuzenzakalelayo? ngiyabonga ... ozithandayo ezinhle kakhulu ezivela eParaguay!

Kulungile ukuthi yini uGeorge ayifunayo isuka UTM iqondisa khiqiza ishadi lokuthwala amabanga nobanga ... futhi njengoba sekuphelile ama-Easter, lapho sengidlile ikhekhe lezinhlanzi, ngivuka kuju futhi ngithathe izithombe ezinhle zikaphethiloli we-sawdust ... nansi impendulo. Okokuqala ake siqaphele ukuthi indlela engcono yokwenza lokhu ngethuluzi elifanele (Kungaba nge Vba macro of Microstation, nge I-Softdesk noma i-AutoCAD Civil 3D) kodwa ngezinhloso zokufunda, nokuqonda ukuthi empilweni okufanele usebenzise lokho onakho, ake sibone ukuthi singayenza kanjani nge-Excel.

1. Qalisa amaphuzu

UDiego usitshela ukuthi unendlela yokuthumela amaphuzu kufayela le-txt, ukulivula nge-Excel, ngakho-ke kimi ngizokwenza ngeMicrostation. Ngoba ngifuna ukuthumela idatha ku-Excel, ngizobeka amaphuzu ku-vertex ngayinye. Ukubenza babonakale, ngishintshe ukushuba komugqa, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi iMicrostation izobathumela kufayela le-txt ngendlela elidalwe ngayo, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuyidala ngokulandelana.

amaphuzu we-microstation ukuze aphumelele

Ukuze uzithumele ku-Excel, kusetshenziswe ithuluzi elithi "izixhumanisi zokuthekelisa", ngakha "uthango" oluhlanganisa wonke amaphuzu futhi ngilungisa idatha:

  • Ngibela igama lefayela le-txt njenge-test444.txt
  • Ngikhombisa ukuthi umyalelo ongithandayo ngingu-XYZ
  • Amayunithi afometha asuka “kumayunithi ayinhloko” angamamitha
  • Ngikhombisa ukuthi ngifuna kuphela iziqu ezimbili
  • Khona-ke ukwahlukanisa ngama-commas kanye nokubalwa kusuka ku-1

Ngokuchofoza inkinobho "yocingo" nokuchofoza esikrinini, isistimu idale ifayela le-txt futhi idale inombolo yephoyinti ngalinye, ukusuka ku-1 kuya ku-36.

i-microstation ikhomba ku-txt

I-2. Vula ithebula kusuka ku-ExcelI-txt exel microstation

Ukuze uvule leli fayela ku-Excel, iya kokuthi “ifayela/vula” bese ukhetha uhlobo lwefayela “ifayela lombhalo, .prn .csv .txt” Bese, kuphaneli elivelayo, khetha ukuthi umbhalo uhlukaniswe ngokhefana. Ekugcineni ifayela livulwe ngamakholomu amathathu, kweyokuqala izinombolo zamaphuzu, kweyesibili i-X coordinate futhi kweyesithathu ithi y coordinate.

I-3. Bala ibangai-trigonometry kakhulu

Ake sibuyele emithethweni eyisisekelo ye-trigonometry kuqala. Khumbula ukuthi sifuna ibanga ne-engeli.

a = umehluko ku-Y izixhumanisi (ezithathwe ngokususa i-x2 - x1), kwikholomu Mb = ukwahlukaniswa kwe-X izixhumanisi (zithathwe ngokususa i-y2 - y1), kukholamu Lc = hypotenuse okuzoba yimpande yesikwele engu-b skwele ngaphezulu kukalwe, kukholamu P nalokhu kuyoba inani lebanga.

hypotenuse trigonometry

I-4. Ukubala kwe-Course

Manje, ngenxa yenkambo sidinga ukwenza izibalo eziningana; kodwa zonke zivela engxenyeni emkhatsini wesiteshi kanye nokulandelana.sine cosine kakhulu Ukubalwa kwe-angle. Khumbula ukuthi i-cosine I-engeli ilingana nokuhlukanisa b phakathi kwe c, okungukuthi, i-delta x phakathi kwebanga elibalwe njenge-hypotenuse.

Ngakho-ke kwenziwa kuphela ku-Excel ehlukanisa ikholomu L ngekholomu P. Senza futhi ukubalwa kwe- webele, okuzoba ukuhlukanisa iDelta Y nge-hypotenuse (M ngo-P). Manje kwe- bala inani, sisebenzisa kuphela i-cosine engenayo kukholomu equkethe yona futhi kusukela i-Excel isebenzisa ama-radians, sandisa inani nge-180 futhi sihlukanisa PI; ifomula izobukeka kanje: = ACOS (ikholomu R) * 180 / PI ().

Manje ukubala I-East / West orientation Sabela isimo: uma i-cosine ithi phozithivu, bhala u-E, uma i-cosine inegethivu, bhala okuthi W. Ifomula ibukeka kanje: =SI(R2<0,"W","E")... ikukholomu T Ukubala i Ukuqondisa eNyakatho / South, sabela isimo esifana nesangaphambili, kodwa nge-sine; okungukuthi, uma i-sine ithiphozithivu, bhala N, uma inegethivu, bhala u-S futhi ifomula izoba kanje: =SI(R2<0,”W”,”E”)… ikukholomu U

Manje ake sikhumbule ukuthi i-engeli ebalwe ngaphambilini ivela kokuvundlile, empumalanga futhi esikudingayo maqondana nenyakatho noma eningizimu. Ngakho-ke esimweni se-NW ne-SW quadrants sithatha ama-degree angama-90, ngakho-ke esikwenzayo ukudala isimo sokuthi uma i-cosine inegethivu, susa ama-90 kuthi kuma-quadrants we-NE ne-SE sithathe ama-90 kususwe i-angle kukholamu V

ehola ukubalwa

Ikholomu V ikhombisa i-engeli, kodwa ngefomethi yedesimali. Ukuguqula ama-decimals abe ama-degree, imizuzu namasekhondi, esikwenzayo ukukunciphisa ngezindawo zamadesimali zero, njengoba kukholamu W. To balala imizuzu, sisusa amadigri aphelele kususwe amadigri ancishisiwe bese siwaphindaphinda ngama-60. Bese siwanciphisa ngezindawo zamadesimali zero njengoba kubonakala kukholamu Y. Uma kwenzeka imizuzwana, imizuzu isusiwe kukhishwe imizuzu encishisiwe, futhi iphindaphindwe ngama-60. Ekugcineni, amasekhondi ancishisiwe ezindaweni ezimbili zamadesimali ... qaphela, uma izixhumanisi ze-UTM ezisetshenzisiwe bezingenazo izindawo ezingaphezu kwezimbili zamanani, inani ledesimali lemizuzwana ngeke ngqo impela ngakho-ke kungangcono ukubashiya kudesimali.

I-5. Ukudala izikhombisi-ndlela kanye neshadi elide

Izinkathi zonyaka

izikhombisi-ndlela nokudeKulokhu ngisebenzise ifomula ye-concatenate, ngakho-ke ngengeza iseli elinenombolo 1, bese kuba isikhala sehayifeni yesikhala, bese kuba iseli elinenombolo 2; ngakho-ke nginesimo seziteshi “1 – 2”

Ibanga.  Lezi zivela kukholomu ye-hypotenuse.degrees imizuzu nemizuzwana

Inkambo.  Lokhu kuphela kudinga abalethe ebalwa amakholomu ukubaluleka ngaphambilini ibalwa, futhi ukwengeza uphawu cell grade, ngomzuzu noma lesibili kudalwa izindawo cell njengoba kukhonjisiwe esithombeni. Ukwengeza ngifake ikholomu yokubheka, ngoba ekuhloleni kwezinto ezibonakalayo ngokuvamile kuyadingeka. Kusuka lapha ungalanda ifayela ngefomethi DWG, ngesakhiwo DGN, ifayela le-Excel kanye nefayela txt.

Ngakho lokho Nayi ifayela ku-Excel ongadala ngalo itafula lesihloko nebanga kusuka kuzixhumanisi ze-UTM ezilandelanayo. Ukwengeza amaphuzu, ungakopisha amakholomu bese uwafaka, kungcono ngoba ngale ndlela uqinisekisa amafomula, ufuna ukuhlonipha umugqa wokuqala nowokugcina. Kufanele futhi ukopishe imininingwane kusuka endaweni yokuqala kuya ekugcineni kweyokuqala, ukuze isiteshi sokugcina sibalwe kahle.

Lapha ungalanda ithempulethi ukuze udale ibhokisi lama-bearings nama-distances ukusuka ku-UTM izixhumanisi.

 

SebenzisaKudinga umnikelo ongokomfanekiso wokulanda, ongakwenza ngawo I-PayPal noma ikhadi lesikweletu.

Kuyinto engokomfanekiso uma umuntu ecabanga ukuthi isevisi iyinikeza futhi kulula kangakanani ukuthi itholakale.

 


Funda ukuthi ungenza kanjani lezi ezinye izifanekiso ku Inkambo yokukopela ye-Excel-CAD-GIS.


 

Golgi Alvarez

Umbhali, umcwaningi, uchwepheshe wamamodeli wokuphathwa komhlaba. Ubambe iqhaza ekucabangeni nasekusetshenzisweni kwamamodeli afana nalawa: Isistimu Kazwelonke Yokulawulwa Kwezakhiwo i-SINAP e-Honduras, Imodeli Yokuphatha Yomasipala Abahlangene e-Honduras, Imodeli Edidiyelwe Yokuphathwa Kwe-Cadastre - Registry e-Nicaragua, Uhlelo Lokuphatha lwe-Territory SAT e-Colombia. . Umhleli webhulogi yolwazi lwe-Geofumadas kusukela ngo-2007 futhi umdali we-AulaGEO Academy ehlanganisa izifundo ezingaphezu kwe-100 ngezihloko ze-GIS - CAD - BIM - Digital Twins.

Izihloko ezihlobene Nalesi

41 Amazwana

  1. Kukhona ithuluzi okuthiwa Calculo_Topográfico.exe, wena automates inqubo ukuguqulela UTM izixhumanisi isipredishithi, kuhlanganise nama-engeli, amabombo kanye amabanga, kanye namanye amathuluzi awusizo ezifana ukuthola iphutha cishe inhlolovo, noma empumalanga noma engela amabanga, kunciphisa a ipholigoni endaweni ezazifunwa ukulungisa uhlangothi noma engela, ekahle ukucekwa kwabantu, futhi ikakhulukazi udala umdwebo ku-AutoCAD, okukuvumela ukuba ukukopisha nokunamathisela (noma) pilot (s) ngemapholigoni nge ukuthi usebenza; futhi-ke ithumela kwamanye amazwe idatha Luhlela iziteshi Imininingwane, ukuze ulayishe (noma ukulanda) ulwazi.

  2. Umbuzo: Ngenxa yokuthi ama-deltas abalela kusukela phansi kuze kube ngapha nangapha?

  3. Ithempulethi enhle kakhulu, ngenze i-macro ngokuqondile ku-Microstation eyenza okufanayo kimi futhi ngiyithumela efayeleni le-txt.

  4. Nginelisekile ngempela futhi ngasikhathi sinye ngiyaxolisa kakhulu ngokungakwazi ukulanda uhlelo lokusebenza, ngoba angikwazi ukwenza umnikelo ongokomfanekiso, ngoba angikhiqiza okwamanje? emsebenzini wami njengomcwaningi futhi ngobuqotho nginesithakazelo kulowo lwazi ukukhulisa nokuqinisa umsebenzi wami, uma ungenza umusa ukuwuthumela kimi ngizokubonga kakhulu
    I-Samana Dominican Republic

  5. Hlola i-imeyili yakho, ngogaxekile.
    Isixhumanisi sokulayishwa singahamba lapho.

    Phendula ngokucaphuna

  6. Kuhle kakhulu, kuyasiza !! kodwa ngenza umnikelo futhi isifanekiso asilayishiwe ..
    Phendula ngokucaphuna

  7. Sawubona kahle ntambama uzoba yini isihloko noma izibonelo zokubala kwesilinganiso sezinga? lokho kuyi-aplicacaion nokubaluleka, imikhonzo evela eMexico

  8. Kuhle kakhulu, ngalolu mhlahlandlela ngakwazi ukuthuthukisa ishidi elivelele elibala izinkombandlela, ngiyabonga ngokukwabelana ngolwazi olubalulekile.

    Ukubingelela okuvela eNicaragua

  9. Sawubona, ungubani? Ngithemba kahle, ngifuna ukubona ukuthi ngingekubambe kungasiza njengoba ukuthola oh ukudweba amabanga phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili futhi izifundo zabo izixhumanisi oh kunalokho nge zindawo futhi longitudes ngoba engingazenza coordendas UTM xy nalelo nami awanandaba kodwa angikwazi ukukwenza Lolu hlobo oluthile lwezixhumanisi eziboniswa kumamephu e-Google emhlabeni.
    Ukubingelela .. Ngithemba impendulo yakho uma kungenzeka.

  10. Bangane, ukufunda imibuzo yakho mayelana nokubala kwe-topographic, ukukhiqizwa "kwamatafula" ezixhumanisi kanye nokulebula izikhombisi-ndlela namabanga e-Autocad, ngincoma ukusebenzisa ithuluzi le-CIVILCAD, elakhiwe eMexico, le moduli iguqula i-autocad ibe ithuluzi lokubala le-topographic, amaphrofayili , izigaba , imigqa yamakhonco, njll., njll.
    Mayelana nemibuzo yakho esuka ku-UTM iye kuzixhumanisi eziyisicaba, zonke izinhlelo zokucubungula i-GPS (izixazululo ze-GNSS zamaphromoshini, izixazululo ze-Ashtech ze-Promark 2, i-Spectra Precision Survey Office ye-GPS Epoch 10 kanye ne-50, njll.) zinezinqubo zokuguqulwa phakathi kwezinhlelo zezixhumanisi, konke ezikudingayo. okungenani izixhumanisi ezimbalwa noma ngaphezulu ku-UTM nasezididiyelweni “eziyisicaba” (okungukuthi izixhumanisi abafuna ukuzisebenzisa nesiteshi esiphelele) futhi izinhlelo zizobala izici zesikali nolwazi oludingekayo, kufanele nje ufunde okuhambisanayo. amamanyuwali wemishini yabo futhi bahlele ukuqoqwa kwedatha kahle. Ukubingelela okuvela eMexico City. i-imeyili yami gilberto1@sitg.com.mx.

  11. Kungadingeka ukwenza izinguquko etafuleni, kodwa kungenziwa kahle. Uma usithumela isibonelo singazama.

  12. Umnikelo omuhle kakhulu Ngivele ngilungile itafula lami. Ngingathanda ukwazi ukuthi ungangisiza ukuthi ngithole ama-angles okungahambisani nemininingwane onayo kakade kusuka kuleli tafula elifanayo. Siyabonga!

  13. UProfesa, kanye nenqubo eguqukayo?
    Kusukela ekuqondisweni kuya ezixhumaniswaneni zendawo?
    Muchas Gracias

  14. Uqinisile, kwenzeke ukuthi umkhawulokudonsa we-geofumadas.com, yilapho amafayela nezithombe zaleli bhulogi abanjwe khona, kudlulile. Kuzodingeka ngikhuphuke ububanzi, ngizame kamuva.

  15. Kuthiwani, zama ukulanda ifayela elidumile kodwa ngimake engatholakali, ngingasiza ngalokhu.

    imikhonzo

  16. Kumele ube ocacile ngokwengeziwe kulokho okushoyo ngezixhumanisi zendawo.

    Ingabe usebenze ukusho i-geographic kanye namadigri, imizuzu, imizuzwana? Ngalokho ungawasebenzisa leli thuluzi.

    Uma ungazange usho lokho, ake sibone ukuthi usinikeza isibonelo ukukusiza.

  17. Nginakho ukuqondisa i-UTM njengoba ngenza ukuze ngiyinciphise kubambiswano bezobuciko.

  18. Ukufundiswa kakhulu ukuthi wena ukubala indawo AutoCAD, okuyinto ufuna hhayi kuphela ukubala indawo kodwa uqinisekise Ukuvalwa, mhlawumbe kukhona abanye isifanekiso owenza okufunayo kodwa abazi.

  19. Ikhasi lihle kakhulu. Ngingathanda ukwazi ukuthi ngingabala kanjani (ku-Excel) indawo evela ku-polygon eyenziwe kusukela ekulayisheni izinhlangothi nezintambo ezitholakale ensimini. Ngingumqashi futhi ngisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-Autocad, ngilubandakanya namatafula e-Excel.
    Ngiyazisa kakhulu isithakazelo sakho ekuphenduleni umbuzo wami
    Imikhonzo ye-Cordial evela e-Asuncion del Paraguay
    Mabel

  20. Ngicabanga ukuthi udideka inqubo, uma ungenalo izixhumanisi ze-utm, akudingeki ubheke. Kufanele uhumushe ukuthi imidwebo yakho yokuvukela ithi, kukhona iphuzu, uma lingasho ukuthi i-coordinate ikubeka noma ikuphi, bese ubona ukuthi kukhona inkambo nebanga ukuya endaweni elandelayo.

  21. Ifayela akulona lokho, ukubala ishadi lesifundo ngokusekelwe amaphuzu anezixhumanisi

  22. I-Maestro Alvarez, leli fayela libala izixhumanisi ze-UTM kusuka esigabeni esiphambene esikhuliswe nge-traffic futhi izinga liyamangalisa kodwa angisakwazi ukukuqonda

  23. Bheka umngane wasePeru ungithumelele isifanekiso ngombuto kodwa angiqondi ukuthi u-UTM ubeke ekuqaleni ekuqaleni kwePI ngayinye, njengoba okunamathiselwe kwefayela

  24. Sawubona Jcp, ngiyaqonda ukuthi unomugqa ophakathi, iziteshi kanye nesiteshi ngasinye kukhona okulandelanayo ngakwesokudla nangakwesobunxele. Ngicabanga ukuthi into efanele kakhulu ukuthi awuzami ukuthola i-utm ukuqondisa, kodwa wenze imibuthano kusukela phakathi, ubeke iphuzu emkhatsini womjikelezo nomugqa.

    lokhu kungakwenza wenze okufanayo nalokhu kusebenza

    http://geofumadas.com/construir-curvas-de-nivel-usando-autocad/

    Khona-ke, ukuze ungeze iziphakamiso, hlela isimo sephoyinti lapho unganika khona ukuphakama uma ufaka.

  25. Mnumzane Alvarez othandekayo ngisebenzisa i-civil 3d 2009, ngifaka amaphuzu e-UTM ngefomethi ye-. nge-GPS ukuze ngikwazi ukuyikhetha ... ngiwabala kanjani amaphuzu we-POI e-axis yami kanye nezingxenye ku-UTM

    Ngivela kuHonduras

    jcpescotosb@hotmail.com

  26. Eqinisweni, ngivele nginezixhumanisi ku-intm, kodwa ngifuna ukunciphisa ezindiza yezokwelapha ukuze ngizisebenze ensimini

  27. Bheka, angizange ngiyisebenzise leyo Promark kodwa ngiyabona ukuthi ibheka okuningi njengeMap Map Map njalo kusuka eThales.

    Kulokhu ngakwenza kanje:

    1. Ucindezela inkinobho "MENU".
    2. Khetha "Amayunithi Emephu"
    3. Khetha u-"Coordinate system" bese ukhetha i-UTM
    4. Ukhetha okuthi “Datum” futhi lapha ukhombisa i-WGS84

  28. zincane, ziwuphawu lwe-2, edolobheni lase-Mexico elingu-14, ngizokwazisa noma yiluphi ulwazi onganginika lona.

  29. … Ahem, ahem… 🙂

    Futhi hlobo luni lwegps, brand kanye nomodeli abasebenzisa?
    Kukuphi izwe kanye nendawo okuyiyo?

  30. alvarez othandekayo, ngaphezu kwakho konke ukubingelela, ngaqaphela ukuthi ulwazi lwakho sendawo kanye ne-software isihambile, ngingase ngikwazi ukusiza, inkampani Ngisebenzela, uphathe i-GPS, futhi ngifuna bazi ukuthi mina ulungise izixhumanisi UTM izixhumanisi kwendawo O Planas, ukuphathwa ensimini, uye wabheka ukwaziswa okuningi mayelana futhi ngizwe impendulo yakho.

  31. Pablo, ukuhlola kwakho kulungile, sengivele ngenzile ukulungiswa kokubhala, kuyikholomu L phakathi kwekholomu P

    enye inkinga oyibekayo, ngicabanga ukuthi awuqedile ukuphawula ukuze ukwazi ukuyihlaziya

  32. Ngilandela isinyathelo ngesinyathelo. Nginezifundo eziqondakalayo, kodwa ngokwenzayo angikwazi ukufeza imiphumela emihle.
    Mae kubonakala sengathi ngenza okuthile okungalungile. futhi ekucubungulweni kwamayunithi we-Autocad yinxenye yama-angles nesiqondiso angikucaci kahle.
    Ngingathanda ukuphakamisa ukuthi ubuyekeze ingxenye yama-engeli, ngicabanga ukuthi kunephutha, lapho ithi "ukuhlukanisa ikholomu N ngekholomu P" kimi kubonakala sengathi ikholomu L ngekholomu P.
    Enye iphutha lokubhala livela ekubalweni kweNyakatho / South ukuma, ifomula ithi: kuyoba kanje: = YEBO (R2

  33. uma usho isakhiwo esikalwa endaweni lapho indawo ishintsha khona ... ngeke sikusebenzele.

    Uma usho ukuthatha lezo zixhumanisi kwenye indawo ye-utm, akufanele kube khona ushintsho ngoba kufanele ukhulume nge-latitude efanayo, ngakho-ke izixhumanisi zilingana

  34. Sawubona,

    Ngithande lokhu ngokwezifiso ngokuhle, nginombuzo

    Isebenza kanjani uma kukhona ushintsho lwe-spindle?

    Gracias

    Juan

  35. mmm, ngithumelele iskripthi esivela kuwe e-mail ukuthi unayo, ukuyibukeza.

    Ngizobona ukuthi yini lapho

  36. akunakwenzeka! Manje iya ku-100%, ngiyisebenzise futhi kuyiqiniso! ngiyabonga emuva kakhulu, kuye kwaba usizo kimi.

    Umbuzo ngakho, njengoba sisezinhlelweni zokuzenzakalela. Ngisebenzisa i-AutoCAD, njengoba ngidwebe i-polygon ye-georeferenced, enezingqimba zayo ezaziwayo ze-UTM, engikudingayo umaka wamasegimenti, ukuze ukuchofoza kuwo kubanike "ilebula" elihambisanayo, isibonelo: 176.35

  37. ngikulungele, sengivele ngilayishe inguqulo ye-2 yefayela elihle kakhulu. Isizathu siwukuthi ku-NE ne-SE quadrants i-90 angle kufanele isuswe.

    Zama futhi ungitshele lutho.

    Kumele ucacile, ukuthi izinhlawulo ezengeziwe ezisetshenziselwa ukuqondisa kwe-UTM, izoguqula ukuhlaziywa kwemizuzwana.

  38. mmm, uqinisile, ngicabanga ukuthi ngiyakwazi ukuyixazulula

    Ngizoyihlola uma ngibuyela ekhaya

  39. uprofesa othandekayo, okokuqala ngibonga ngempendulo yakho esheshayo, ngiyithola ngempela ngesikhathi!
    Ngiyakutshela ukuthi kwangisiza kakhulu, ngangiyihlola, nakuba ngingathanda ukuveza ukungabaza / ukusikisela / ukukhathazeka: ibala ibanga kahle kakhulu, manje i-angle inginika umphelelisi, isibonelo esikhundleni sokuthi 88d13' 13”, inginika u-1d21'47”!!! Kufanele kube ukulungiswa okuncane futhi sesikhona! Ngibonga kakhulu futhi ngosizo lwakho!!!

Deja un comentario

Ikheli lakho le ngeke ishicilelwe. Ezidingekayo ibhalwe nge *

Buyela emuva kunkinobho phezulu